Yini i-ode
I-ode wuhlobo lokuqanjwa kwenkondlo olubonakala ngephimbo layo eliphakeme nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi, esihloselwe ukuphakamisa noma ukukhombisa indikimba ethile noma isihloko. Ngokomlando, ama-odes asetshenziswe njengendlela yokuveza ukuncoma, ukubonga noma ukuhlonipha abantu, izehlakalo, izinto noma imiqondo engabonakali, futhi bathole isikhala emasikweni athandwayo.
Leli fomu lokubhala linesiko elicebile elisukela e-Antiquity. Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, njenganoma yiluphi olunye uhlobo lobuciko, Iguqukile, ivumelana nezitayela nezinjongo ezahlukene. Ngale migqa, sizobhekana nemvelaphi yayo, izici, ukuqaliswa kwesiko lama-Hispanic nokubaluleka enkathini yesimanje.
Umsuka we-ode
Igama elithi "ode" livela kwelesiGrikhi elithi "ᾠδή" - "oidē" - okusho ukuthi "ingoma." Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ama-odes okuqala athuthukiswa eGrisi lasendulo futhi ayehlobene eduze nomculo nokudansa. Phakathi kwamaphayona alolu hlobo, kungenzeka ukuthola izimbongi ezifana noPindar noSappho. I-Pindaric odes, ikakhulukazi, yayiklanyelwe ukuculwa ngokuhambisana nomculo.
Lezi zingcezu zazisetshenziselwa ukugubha abawinile beMidlalo yama-Olympic neminye imicimbi ebalulekile yabantu basendulo. Ngokwesibonelo, Ngokwesiko lamaGreki, i-ode yayivame ukuhlukaniswa izingxenye ezintathu eziyinhloko: i-stanza, i-antistrophe, ne-epode. Ukuhlukana kwabo bekuhlobene nokunyakaza kwamakhwaya ngesikhathi ecula.
Ukusebenzisa le nqubo kwengeze isici somzimba nesetiyetha enkondlweni. Kamuva, AmaRoma athatha leli culo futhi alivumelanisa nesitayela sawo, uHoracio ungomunye wezimbongi ezivelele kulo mkhakha.
Izici eziyinhloko ze-ode
Nakuba ifomu nesitayela sama-odes kuye kwahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi namasiko ahlukene, Kunezici ezithile ezijwayelekile ezivame ukuba khona kuzo zonke:
iphimbo eliphakanyisiwe
Ama-odes Ngokuvamile banolimi oluphakeme kanye nombono onesizotha noma wokucabangisisa. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi ngokuvamile zikhuluma ngezindikimba ezidlula zonke noma zibungaza izici ezifanele ukunconywa, ezifana nesibindi, ukuhlakanipha noma ukuziphatha okuhle.
isakhiwo esisemthethweni
Ama-odes amaningi e-classical anesakhiwo se-methodical, ngokuhlukana okucacile kube yizigaba ezivame ukulandela iphethini ethile yesigqi. Nokho, Ezinkondlweni zesimanje lesi sakhiwo singakhululeka, into ehlobene kakhulu nesimanje, isici esingazange sibe ngaphandle kokugxekwa.
Isihloko esithile
I-ode igxile esihlokweni esisodwa, okungaba umuntu, into, indawo, noma umbono ongacacile. Ngemva kokukhetha, Umbhali uyaqhubeka nokuhlola lesi sihloko ngemibono ehlukene, ngokuvamile esebenzisa izithombe ezicacile namathuluzi okukhuluma.
Ukuphakanyiswa
Njengoba sishilo ezigabeni ezedlule, i-ode ijwayele ukuphakamisa noma ukudumisa ingqikithi yayo, okuyinto eyehlukanisa kwezinye izinhlobo zezinkondlo ezingaba nendlela yokuhlolisisa noma yokucabangela.
Izinhlobo ze-ode
Phakathi nenkathi ngayinye yokuguqulwa komlando, i-ode ishintshiwe, ithola amafomu nezitayela ezihlukahlukene, okuyinto Zingahlukaniswa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu eziyinhloko:
I-Pindaric ode
Iqanjwe nge-Pindar, lolu hlobo lwe-ode luseduze kakhulu nezimpande zalo zesiGreki. Inesakhiwo esingunxantathu esihlanganisa i-stanza, i-antistrophe kanye ne-epode. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Pindarics ajwayele ukuba yimikhosi futhi agxile ekugubheni imicimbi yomphakathi noma izibalo zamaqhawe. Ulimi lwakhe lunemininingwane futhi nesitayela sakhe sihlelekile kakhulu.
I-Horatian ode
UHorace, imbongi yaseRoma, wakha isitayela somuntu siqu nesibukisayo se-ode. Ngokungafani nama-Pindaric odes, Ama-Horatian ajwayelekile ngokwedlulele esakhiweni sawo futhi awalandeli ifomu le-triadic. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, lezi zindikimba ezikhuluma njengobungani, imvelo kanye nokufa, zisebenzisa ithoni yokuzindla kakhudlwana.
i-ode engavamile
Lolu hlobo lwe-ode lwathuthukiswa ezinkondlweni zesiNgisi kanye Ibonakala ngenkululeko yayo yesakhiwo. Izimbongi zesimanje, ezinjengoJohn Keats kanye noPercy Bysshe Shelley, zamukele lesi sitayela ukuze ziveze imizwelo ejulile nokuzindla ngaphandle kwemikhawulo esemthethweni yezindlela zakudala ezengeziwe.
Izibonelo ezifakiwe zama-Odes
Umlando Wezincwadi wembula iminikelo eminingana ku-ode yababhali abakhulu. Phakathi kwazo, Izimbongi eziningi zisebenzise leli fomu ukuze zenze imisebenzi ezokhumbuleka ngempela. Ezinye izibonelo zalokhu zihlanganisa:
"Ode ku-Grecian Urn" kaJohn Keats
Ucezu
III
O, amagatsha ajabule ongeke uwachithe
amaqabunga akho, noma ukuvalelisa entwasahlobo;
nomculi ojabule, ongakhathali,
idlala njalo izingoma ezintsha!
Uthando olujabulisayo! Okujabulisayo, uthando olujabulisayo!
Hlala ufudumele futhi usazokujabulela,
uhlale ulangazelela futhi umusha phakade:
ukuphefumula kude ngaphezu kwentshiseko yomuntu,
lokho kushiya inhliziyo idabukile futhi ikhathele,
ebunzini elinomkhuhlane nolimi olubunile.
IV
Ubani oza emhlatshelweni?
Kuliphi i-altare eliluhlaza, oh mfundisi ongaqondakali,
uyisa ithokazi lenkomo ezulwini,
Ngezinhlangothi zawo ezisasilika zihlotshiswe ngemiqhele yezimbali?
Iliphi idolobhana eliseduze nomfula noma ugu lolwandle,
noma yakhiwe ezintabeni, ngenqaba enokuthula;
Ingabe lishiywe lingenalutho kubantu balo, kulokhu kusa okunesihe?
Futhi, dolobhana, imigwaqo yakho kuze kube phakade
Bazothula kungasho nowodwa umphefumulo
ushiywe yini, akasoze abuye.
Le nkondlo ihlola ubuhle nokungafi kobuciko ngokucabangela i-urn yasendulo.
"Ode to the West Wind" kaPercy Bysshe Shelley
Ucezu
Oh, Wind West Wind, umoya we-Autumn,
wena, ubukhona bakho obungabonakali abafile bashiya
Basuke behamba njengemimoya ebalekela umthakathi.
ezixukwini eziwuhlupho, ophuzi, omnyama,
obomvu ophaphathekile futhi ogulayo; oh wena
ukuthi uholela embhedeni wayo omnyama wasebusika
embewini enamaphiko, lapho eyohlala ebanda futhi edangele;
yilowo nalowo njengesidumbu ethuneni lakhe;
kuze kuqhume udadewenu waseSpring
ukucaciswa kwawo emhlabeni ophuphayo nogcwalayo
(ethwele amahlumela athambile njengemihlambi edla emoyeni)
ngemibala egqamile kanye nephunga elimnandi lethafa negquma;
umoya wasendle, ohamba yonke indawo,
umbhubhisi nomvikeli, lalela, oh lalela!
Wena, emfudlaneni wakhe, phakathi kokuxokozela okukhulu kwezulu.
Amafu asodwa njengamaqabunga omhlaba abunile;
ukuzamazama kwamagatsha aphithene eZulwini nolwandle,
abamemezeli bemvula nombani; zihlakazekile
ngobuso obuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka bamaza akho asemoyeni,
njengezinwele ezigqamile ekhanda
Yemaenad ethukuthele, kusukela ekugcineni emnyama
kusukela emkhathizwe kuya phezulu endaweni ephakemeyo,
ama-curls esiphepho esizayo; wena, dlala
lonyaka ebuhlungwini, kubo ngalobu busuku bokuvala
Kuyoba ithuna elikhulu,
udunyiswe ngamandla akho onke
yezihwamuko, okuzoqhuma kuyo umkhathi ominyene
imvula emnyama, umlilo nesichotho, oh lalela!
Umbhali usebenzisa umoya njengesingathekiso sokuvuselela nokuguqula amandla emvelo.
"Ode to Joy" nguFriedrich Schiller
Ucezu
Hhawu bangane, ziyekeni lezo zingoma ezinokhahlo!
Ake sicule amanye amnandi futhi
egcwele injabulo.
Injabulo yenjabulo!
Injabulo, inhlansi enhle yonkulunkulu
indodakazi ka-Elysium!
Sidakwe inkanuko siyangena,
unkulunkulukazi wasezulwini, endlini yakho engcwele!
Ukupela kwakho kuyahlangana futhi
lokho okwahlukaniswa yizwe,
bonke abantu baba ngabazalwane
lapho lapho uphiko lwakho oluthambile luhlala khona (…).
Lo msebenzi ubungaza ubumbano nobuzalwane bomuntu, futhi wangcwatshwa nguLudwig van Beethoven ku-Ninth Symphony yakhe.
"Umzimba Womphakathi" nguMariela Cordero
“Angihlali ezweni, ngiphila ngomzimba.”
ephukile
lokho kulele ngobumnene
emanxiweni amabi
futhi uphefumule intuthu yezinsuku ezishile.
Angihlali ezweni, ngiphila emzimbeni.
ngaphandle kwembali
ukuhlupheka
engavikelekile ezivumelwaneni
ukundindizela okungacimekiyo
yalokho okuphuliwe muva nje.
Angihlali ezweni, ngiphila emzimbeni.
echichima amathambo
uqeqeshiwe
njengemimese
ezihlasela abomele igazi
ngokumelene nalowo onesibindi
ukuqondisa
ukuphulula mawala
endaweni yayo ebhuqiwe.
lomzimba
indiva yonke into engekho
inxeba,
inxeba lihlala livulekile
kanye nezenzo ezisheshayo zokuzingela.
Angihlali ezweni, ngiphila emzimbeni.
wathunjwa
esidansa nesibhicongo
futhi ukhulelwe ngokuhlukumezeka kakhulu
kwamaphakethe
Wazi kuphela ukuzala ukufa.
Angihlali ezweni, ngihlala enhlanganweni yomphakathi.
ngokuncipha kanjalo
ukuthi izinyathelo zami ezilula zibuhlungu
futhi inzwabethi yethemba lami iyamhlupha.
Ngiyagoqa
endaweni yayo encane ethambile
torpid
ngokushaya kwenhliziyo okungajwayelekile
yobuhle bayo bangaphambili bezinganekwane
ngisadla
izinhlayiya zokushisa kwayo okuncane.
Ngiyagoqa
futhi ngithemba ukusa
sisimangaze ngobufakazi
ukuthi kokubili,
lomzimba engihlala kuwo kanye nami
sasinda
ngobusuku obude
emaphaketheni.”
"Umzimba womphakathi" uyingxenye yeqoqo lezinkondlo Ubusuku obude bamaphakethe (2023). Ngenxa yesakhiwo salo samahhala, leli culo lendaba yokuthi sonke siyikho lakhiwe ngaphakathi kwama-odes angajwayelekile.
I-ode ezincwadini ze-Hispanic
Esikweni lezincwadi olimini lwesiSpanishi, sithola nezibonelo ezivelele zama-odes. Izimbongi ezinjengoGarcilaso de la Vega kanye noFray Luis de León basebenzisa leli fomu lobunkondlo ukuveza imibono nemizwa yabo. Kamuva, U-Pablo Neruda uvuselele i-ode ezinkondlo zesimanje nge-"Elementary Odes" yakhe, lapho ephakamisa khona izinto zansuku zonke njengesinkwa, utamatisi kanye nenjabulo yokuphila.
Ukubaluleka kwe-ode
I-ode iwuhlobo lwenkondlo oluye lwamelana novivinyo lwesikhathi ngenxa yekhono layo lokuzivumelanisa nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Nakuba umsuka walo usekelwe emikhosini nasemikhosini yaseGrisi lasendulo, Ingqikithi yayo isalokhu ibalulekile ezinkondlweni zesimanje.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, I-ode ivumela ababhali ukuthi bahlole futhi baveze imizwa yabo ejulile, kanye nokuhlonipha izici zokuphila abazibheka njengezibalulekile.