Siyini isakhiwo se-sonnet?

I-sonnet ingenye yezinhlobo ezaziwa kakhulu nezihlonishwayo zezinkondlo ze-lyric, ezinomlando wamakhulu eminyaka kanye nomthelela omkhulu ezincwadini emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi sakhiwo senkondlo, esasungulwa e-Italy ngesikhathi seRenaissance, sibonakala ngobunkimbinkimbi baso obusemthethweni kanye nekhono laso lokudlulisa imizwa endaweni emfushane uma kuqhathaniswa.

Phakathi neminyaka, I-sonnet isetshenziswe ezinye zezimbongi ezivelele kulo msebenzi, kusukela ePetrarch kuya kuShakespeare., igcina ukuthandwa kwayo. Ngokwesakhiwo, lezi zingoma zakhiwe amavesi angu-14 obuciko obukhulu obunamagama angu-11 ngalinye. Asakazwa ngezigaba ezi-4 zongwaqa, amavesi amabili okuqala kwangu-4, kanti amanye angu-3.

Umongo womlando we-sonnet

i-sonnet Inezimpande zayo eSicily futhi yathandwa yimbongi uPetrarch ngekhulu le-14. Igama elihlukaniswa ngalo livela kwelesiFulentshi Esidala elithi "sonet", elinciphisa "indodana". Kamuva, lokhu kwamukelwa yi-Provençal "sonet" kanye ne-Italian "sonetto". Ngokwe-etymologically, incazelo yayo ingaba into efana "nengoma encane" noma "ingoma encane."

Nakuba lolu hlobo lokuqanjwa lwaqala e-Italy, lunama-exponents afana ne-maestro Dante Alighieri, isakhiwo salo sashintshwa futhi sasakazwa kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ikakhulukazi eSpain naseNgilandi. Kula mazwe, ababhali abanjengoGarcilaso de la Vega kanye William Shakespeare Bayisebenzise ngokufaneleka okukhulu.

Izici eziyisisekelo ze-sonnet

I-sonnet yakudala inamavesi angu-14 asakazwa ngama-quatrains amabili—okungukuthi. izitanza zamavesi amane obuciko obukhulu— kanye nama-triplets amabili —okungukuthi, izitanza zamavesi amathathu obuciko obukhulu—. Zonke izigatshana zingama-hendecasyllables, nakuba uhlelo lwemvumelwano lungahluka. Okulandelayo, sizochaza izici zayo.

Ama-quartets

Amavesi ayisishiyagalombili amaquartet amabili okuqala e-sonnet Bajwayele ukwethula indikimba esemqoka yenkondlo -kuzo umqondo, umuzwa wombhali, uyathuthukiswa.

Isibonelo

I-quartet engu-1 ye-sonnet XXIII (Garcilaso de la Vega)

"Ngesikhathi se-rose kanye nomnduze

umbala uboniswa ekuthinteni kwakho,

nokuthi ukubukeka kwakho okushisekayo, okuqotho,

"uthungela inhliziyo uyibambe"

Amathathu

Amavesi ayisithupha amatheresi amabili asele ngokuvamile asebenza njengesiphetho noma ukubonakaliswa kokugcina kwenkondlo.. Kule ngxenye, imbongi ithuthukisa ithuba engxoxweni noma iveze isixazululo. Uhlelo lwemvumelwano lwama-triplets lungahluka kakhulu kunalolo lwe-quatrains, kodwa oluvame kakhulu yi-CDE CDE noma i-CDC DCD.

Isibonelo

I-1 yesithathu ye-The Winter (Rubén Darío)

“Ngezihlungi zalo ezicashile iphupho elimnandi liyamhlasela;

Ngiyangena, ngaphandle kokubanga umsindo; Ngishiya ijazi lami elimpunga;

"Ngizobuqabula ubuso bakho, obumnandi futhi obuthophayo."

Siyini isakhiwo se-sonnet?

Ukuze uqonde lesi sigaba, kuyadingeka ukuba kucace mayelana nezingxenye ezakhayo kanye nemiqondo ethile. Lena eminye yemigomo ehlotshaniswa ne-sonnet:

amavesi amakhulu obuciko

Amavesi anakho 9 noma ngaphezulu metric amalunga. Lokhu kubonakala ngosonhlamvukazi ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu - isibonelo: ivesi elithi "ABBA".

Mayelana nokwakamuva, Kudingekile ukukhumbula ukuthi isibalo sesonnet sase-Italy sikhona, okuyi-sonnet yobuciko obuncane, ikakhulukazi amavesi anamalungu ayisishiyagalombili. Leli fomu linemilolozelo kanje: abab abab cdc dcd.

Isibonelo se-sonnet:

Ucezu "Omunye u-Abela", nguJuan Ortiz

“Ngase ngithembisene umshado, ngavuma

enkampanini enesimo

ngaphandle kwesilinganiso. kumina ngasho

lokho okunikezwa isithandwa esihlakaniphile,

kude ngale yebo

ngesilinganiso esiphezulu; idayimane

iphucuziwe yayikukho konke: nganginjalo

Virgil, nami nganginguDante.

Ngigcwalise isilinganiso esinikeziwe,

akutholakalanga cala kimi.

noma emthandazweni oyinkimbinkimbi

ecwile echibini

—emhlane wakhe, yedwa—, ngisho nakulowo nalowo

Ngiyakhuleka kuNkulunkulu phansi kwenyanga.

I-Rhyme

Njengoba kuchaziwe ezigabeni ezedlule, Imvumelwano kusonnethi ihlanganisa iziphetho zamavesi kusukela kuhlamvu olugcizelelwe. Indlela ejwayeleke kakhulu yokuhlela inhlanganisela yamavesi izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ngokulandelana kwazo. Lokhu kwenza kube lula ngathi ukwazi ukuthi yimaphi amavesi anemvumelwano namanye. Isibonelo: isitanza esithi “ABBA” sikhombisa ukuthi ivesi lokuqala kufanele lihlangane nelesine nelesibili nelesithathu.

Isakhiwo se-sonnet

Amamayela

Ivesi ngalinye le-sonnet kufanele libe yi-hendecasyllable, okungukuthi, kufanele libe nama-syllables angu-11 metric.

izitanza

Ama-quartets amabili nama-triplets amabili.

I-Rhyme

ABBA – ABBA – CDC – CDC.

QAPHELA

Kudingekile ukukhumbula ukuthi, ngeSpanishi, ama-sonnets angaveza okuhlukile kumvumelwano. Phakathi kwezinto ezivame kakhulu yilezi: CDE – CDE noma CDE – DCE.

Amasonethi e-polymetric

Kubhekiselwa kumasonethi anezingoma zobunkondlo ukuthi Bagcina ukwakheka kwemethrikhi yamahhala, balungisa okuthandwa ngumbhali. URubén Darío wayaziwa kakhulu ngokuzisebenzisa, futhi wazibonisa izikhathi eziningana. Phakathi kwezinkondlo zakhe zalesi sitayela, inhlanganisela yakhe yama-hendecasyllables nama-heptasyllables iyagqama.

Okuqukethwe nezindikimba zesonnet

Nakuba i-sonnet inesakhiwo esiqinile, iyinqola ephelele yokuveza imizwa yomuntu. Ngokwesiko, Lokhu kusetshenziswe ukuveza izingqikithi ezifana nothando, ukufa, ubuhle, ukuhamba kwesikhathi nokuzindla kwefilosofi.

Igebe phakathi kwama-quartet nama-triplets ngokuvamile lisebenza njengendawo yokuguqula, lapho iphimbo noma isiqondiso senkondlo singashintsha.

Ukubaluleka kwe-sonnet emibhalweni

Njengoba amakhulu eminyaka edlula, I-sonnet ibe yindlela eyinhloko yokuveza imicabango nemizwa ejulile.. Ukwakheka kwayo okunembayo kuvumela izimbongi ukuba zihlele imibono yazo ngendlela ecacile nehlelekile, kuyilapho umculo wamavesi we-hendecasyllabic udala iculo elihehayo.

Ezincwadini zeSpanishi, izimbongi ezifana noGarcilaso de la Vega, U-Luis de Góngora kanye no-Francisco de Quevedo basebenzisa i-sonnet ukuveza ubunkimbinkimbi baso sonke isipiliyoni somuntu. Ezincwadini zesiNgisi, ababhali abanjengoWilliam Shakespeare baphakamisela i-sonnet ezindaweni eziphakeme, behlola imvelo kanye nokungqubuzana phakathi kwesifiso nokucabanga.

Namuhla, I-sonnet isalokhu iyifomu elidumile phakathi kwezimbongi zanamuhla abafuna ukuhlola izingqikithi zasendulo noma bahlole izakhiwo zabo.

Izibonelo ezintathu zama-sonnets ngababhali abakhulu

Ekubalweni kwe-Niebla (Lope de Vega)

Ingane ethambile, umKristu omusha u-Isaka

esihlabathini Tarifa bheka

ubaba best, ngentukuthelo engcwele

ubuqotho nothando ukulwa ngeze;

phakamisa insangu esandleni esesabayo,

abanqobi abakhazimulayo, uphonsa ngokungesabi,

Ilanga liphuphuthekisa, iRoma iyazalwa, uthando luyabubula,

ISpain iyanqoba, umAfrika uthule.

Italy wehlisa ebunzini lakhe, futhi kusukela yakhe

Wathatha eTorcato i-laurel enegolide nethusi;

ngoba akekho uSer Guzmán oziqhayisayo.

Nodumo, ukuqala kwakho,

UGuzmán the Good uyabhala, ekubeni ngaleso sikhathi

uyinki wegazi kanye nombese wepeni.

I-Sonnet XXXV (Garcilaso de la Vega)

UMario, uthando olungabongiyo, njengofakazi

ukholo lwami olumsulwa nokuqina kwami ​​okukhulu,

esebenzisa imvelo yakhe embi kimi,

okuwukubangela ukucasula okwengeziwe kwabanobungane kakhulu;

ngokwesaba ukuthi uma ngibhala noma ngithi

isimo sakhe, ngehlisa ubukhulu bakhe;

Amandla akhe awanele esiphambanweni sami

Uphoqile isandla sesitha sami.

Futhi ngakho, engxenyeni lapho isandla sokudla

uyabusa nakulowo omemezelayo

imiqondo yomphefumulo, ngalimala.

Kodwa ngizolenza lelicala sthandwa

kubiza umenzi wobubi, njengoba ngiwumqemane,

ukhululekile, uphelelwe yithemba futhi ucasukile.

I-Sonnet 3: Bheka esibukweni sakho, futhi utshele ubuso bakho (UWilliam Shakespeare)

Inguqulo yeSpanishi

Tshela ubuso obubonayo lapho uzibuka esibukweni,

ukuthi sekuyisikhathi sokuthi amodele omunye,

Nokho, uma isimo sayo esisha, manje awusivuseleli,

uyakuphika izwe nomama inkazimulo yabo.

Buphi ubuhle, ngesibeletho sentombi,

ubani odelela ukutshalwa kwesenzo sakho somshado?

Noma lukhona kuphi uhlanya ofuna ukuba yithuna,

wokuzithanda nokugwema inzalo?

Isibuko sikanyoko, lokho ngokukubuka nje

Ivusa u-April omnandi, owawusentwasahlobo yawo.

Ngakho-ke, ngamafasitela weminyaka yakho uzokwazi ukubona,

isipho sakho segolide, naphezu kwemibimbi yakho eyinkulungwane.

Kodwa uma uhlala wedwa, ukuze ungashiyi inkumbulo,

Die celibate futhi uvumele isibalo sakho sife nawe.

Izibonelo ezintathu zamasonethi okuqala

"Ngibe yindoda enenhlanhla", nguJuan Ortiz

(Amazwi kaBorgian)

I

Bengilokhu ngiyindoda enenhlanhla kakhulu.

Amathalenta ayengaba yini inzuzo?

ukuthi ngiye athuthukile uma izehlakalo

amadayisi ngabe angiholele ekufeni?

Kukhona inhlanhla, yebo, ngingasho okuningi.

Akukho ukungifanelekela okuncomekayo

ngaphezu kokusukuma athi "Yebo"

kuwo wonke amabhizinisi atholakele, kuwo wonke umzabalazo.

Yini umuntu onenhlanhla ayengayenza

ukube bebemveze usayizi

ithuba: ngaphandle kwethambo eliphukile,

ngaphandle kokuhlehla okukhulu kunalokho kosuku

nsuku zonke... kwakungekho ukushoda kwekhofi noma umoba,

noma uthando oluzinikele.

II

Inhlanhla kasawoti nogu lwawo

yezinganekwane ezidumile, amagobolondo e-conch,

ama-seagull, ama-gannet namagagasi

ukugeza izinyawo ngembewu yayo.

Umkhathi wokuhamba noma nini lapho ukhona,

lapho izinhlungu ziba nzima kakhulu,

futhi okufanayo kwabalwa namarosari

zibusiswe izalukazi ekulindeni kwazo.

Izingane zilindele ulwandle nomzabalazo walo,

imithandazo yokuphakamisa ukuphahlazeka komkhumbi kuntante,

ukubiza imbaza kanye ne-botuto,

umthandazo walowo onikela konke ngokwakhe,

izwi elilungisayo, elizolile futhi elinikeza isikebhe ibheyili

futhi iduduza ukukhala kwabo bonke abalilayo.

III

Ngibe nenhlanhla yokungamukela mdobi,

Okokuqala, kuleso siqhingi esingakaze sibe khona

okuculwa futhi kushiwo okuningi ngakho

nomaphi lapho kuhlala khona ukukhanya.

Ukube bengizilima ngomkhonto.

ihuku, inetha lokuphonswa lamanetha;

futhi uthembele kulokho "Mijo, ungakwenza"

wenkazimulo yami engcwele kanye nokukhuliswa kwakhe okuqinile.

Lucky, uma kungeyena omunye oshonile

ngokuphazima kweso emakhoneni amnyama

ugwazwe emhlane elimele...

ukukhanya okufushane kokuphila obukufuna

futhi uthinte kancane izindawo eziphakeme

ngaphambi kokulala ukukhohlwa okuvamile.

"I-polymath eyimpoqo", nguJuan Ortiz

(Amazwi kaBorgian)

I

Ngiyavuma ukuthi ngithathekile

ngalempilo eyinqaba namathuba ayo,

ukuthi ukuze anqobe izilwandle zayo

Ngasuka emsebenzini ngaya komunye ngenqubo.

Nokho, ngaphambi kokuhamba kwami,

ngaphambi kokuhamba phakathi kwama-altare,

Ngishiye kule misebenzi eyisibonelo

ukuthi bazongimela ngomsebenzi wami ofanele.

Ngangingeyena omunye wesixuku, ngangingakwazi,

ngoba isinkwa sasincike emsebenzini wami

endlini, bulala usizi

ukuvuvukala kwamathumbu; kwakungomunye u-Adamu

kushiywe esiphethweni sosuku nosuku,

ngiphila kanjalo: phakathi kwesifiso nesinye.

II

Babusisiwe abaphikelelayo

njalo endleleni eyodwa ebalulekile,

isiphi isiphetho engiyalele sona

Kwakuhlukile: ukuba omunye walabo abagqoka

ngokomoya, walabo abaphilayo

ngokwendlala yesikhashana; ukhathele

ngezinye izikhathi, angikuphiki, ngezinye izikhathi: okwaphezulu;

Nokho, angizange ngibe ngomunye walabo abahlaselayo,

yalabo ababhubhisa ukuze kukhanye,

ukuhamba kwami ​​bekuhambisana nezinkonzo,

ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu lokudiliva

okuhle kunami; Nganginganakile izenzo ezimbi,

ngaphandle, nakanjani, lapho sithanda:

isibhakabhaka sawo esibanzi kanye namagquma alasha.

III

Izolo nje uLauro ubekhuluma,

Albéniz, Bach, Tárrega, Díaz, Riera,

futhi ngayizolo kwakuyisilo esihlakaniphile

ngezinsimbi ezinhle, i-centaur.

Akuzange kuthathe isikhathi eside futhi wayesevele eyiMinotaur

ngibuka umlilo oyinki omnyama uvutha

ku-labyrinth evesini naku-brine

ngaphansi komngcwabo we-taurus yophawu.

Okunye emuva eminyakeni, ihhashi

endaweni ye-chiaroscuro war,

futhi nakuba ngezinye izikhathi ngibuya, angisazitholi,

Akwenzeki kimi ukubuya ngigcwele, ngimsulwa,

I-clamp ayingivumeli, i-callus,

amazwi, impilo, udonga olulandelayo.

"Dimorphism", nguJuan Ortiz

(Borgian Sonnet)

Izikhathi eziningi ngangihlala eduze kukaJuda,

abanye abaningi, yimina owathengisa uKristu,

futhi nakuba izenzo zami bezingakahlelwa,

Kuphula umphefumulo ukuzazi, ngaphandle kokungabaza,

nokuqonda amaqiniso athile aluhlaza:

okungukuthi uKayini no-Abela besemzimbeni olungile

kwababi. Futhi nakuba kubonakala

inhlanhla yami, ezinye izingxenye zinqunu:

ukwesabeka kokuthembela okufanayo

ukuzibona ngingaphakathi komunye,

futhi ithemba lokuhle ngokwazi okubi

nokugqama kwayo okunabile

emlandweni walolu hlu lozalo lukasawoti

enokufinyelela okuncane ezulwini kanye kwalasha obanzi.