Akuyona imfihlo kunoma ubani ukuthi ukuxoxa izindaba kuwubuciko ngokwako. Amanoveli amade, njenge Abadabukisayo, nguVictor Hugo noma Abazalwane bakaKaramazov, kaFyodor Dostoevsky, ziye zehla emibhalweni yezincwadi njengezincwadi zobuciko zangempela. Kodwa kunezindaba, eziqala emigqeni emifushane embalwa, ezikwazi ukuveza izimpilo eziphelele, kuhlanganise nabo bonke ubunzima bazo.
“Kungenzeka kanjani lokhu?” Abanye bazobuza, njengoba akunakugwenywa ukukubheka njengento efanele izihlakaniphi. Futhi uma: Izindaba ezimfishane ezibhalwe kahle—ayilutho futhi zingamaconsi amancane obuhlakani. izilimi. Abanye bababhali abaphawuleka kakhulu ekwenzeni lolu hlobo kube uJorge Luis Borges, uJulio Cortázar kanye noSantiago González Pedraza osemusha.
Ithini indaba emfushane
Izindaba ezimfishane-ikakhulukazi uma zikhuluma ngqo ngendaba emfushane yombhalo-zikhona ukulandisa okufushane, okuhlelekile okuhlose ukuxoxa indaba eqanjiwe ngokusebenzisa ulimi. Le nsiza ihlanganisa izinhlobo ezifana nenganekwane, inganekwane, indaba emfushane, inoveli ne-epic. Lolu hlobo lombhalo lwakha abalingiswa, izikhala, izikhathi nezinhloso kusukela ekuqaleni.
Indaba emfushane ingasebenzisa izwi elilodwa noma amaningi alandisayo, kanye Kudinga ubuhlakani obukhulu ukuze kungabikho ukulahleka kwencazelo, uma kubhekwa ubumfushane bombhalo. Ngokunjalo, ukusetshenziswa komcabango nobuciko obunganqunyelwe kwenzelwa ukuphishekela ukwethulwa kwezindaba ezingase zisekelwe eqinisweni. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isakhiwo siyohlala sincike kumbhali, kanye nohlobo lomsebenzi.
Izici ezibalulekile zendaba emfushane
Ukuhlukanisa indaba emfushane kwezinye eziningi, kuyadingeka ukuqonda ukuthi yiziphi izici zayo ezihluke kakhulu, ezakhiwe ngamaphuzu alandelayo:
Inombolo yamagama
Kubonakala kusobala, akunjalo? Nokho, kubalulekile ukucacisa ukuthi, ukuze indaba ithathwe “njengemfushane”, Inombolo yamagama abhalwe kuyo akumele yeqe amagama ayi-1700. Lolu hlobo lwetheksthi ludinga ukuthi imisho ibhalwe ngobuciko nakafushane. Ukusebenzisa imisho emifushane kusiza izimo ukuthi zithuthuke ngokushesha.
Enye indlela yokuhlola ubude bendaba emfushane
Enye indlela yokwazi ukuthi indaba imfushane kangakanani ukusebenzisa inani lamakhasi. Ngalo mqondo, Umbhalo akufanele ube namakhasi angaphezu kwamahlanu, ngoba, uma kunjalo, sizobe sikhuluma ngendaba ngokwayo. Isibonelo salokhu kungaba Inhliziyo Yokutshela, ka-Edgar Allan Poe, okuthi, kuye ngohlelo, inamakhasi amane kuphela, noma ngaphansi.
Ukwethulwa kodweshu
Endabeni emfushane, ukungqubuzana kwesakhiwo kumele kwethulwe kusukela ekuqaleni, futhi ithuthuke njengoba indaba iqhubeka. Ngaphezu kwalokho, lokhu kuthunyelwa kufanele kuhilele bonke abalingisi ngokushesha, ukuze ukuxhumana kuqalwe ngezinga elifanayo, ngenhloso yokuthola umphumela onesigqi kumdlali ngamunye.
Indaba emfushane inabalingiswa abangaki?
Ukuze kube lula kumbhali—futhi njengokuvumelana— Kudingeka ukuthi isakhiwo singafaki izinhlamvu ezingaphezu kwezintathu noma ezine. Isizathu silula kakhulu: ukufakwa kwabalingisi abaningi kakhulu kungaphazamisa umfundi emsebenzini wangempela wendaba: ukuxoxa indaba. Endabeni yalolu hlobo lombhalo, izehlakalo ngokwazo zibaluleke ngaphezu kwabalingiswa.
Isiqalo esinamandla
Ngokuvamile, Kunconywa ukuthi izindaba ezimfishane ziqale ngamandla ngangokunokwenzeka, ngomusho noma indima emema isenzo kusukela ekuqaleni. Ngokunjalo, umphumela ubonakala ngokuvela ngendlela engalindelekile, noma ngesigameko esidlulisa umthelela omkhulu kumfundi. Ngamafuphi, indaba emfushane akufanele ibikezeleke noma ibe nezigcwalisi.
Uhlobo lolimi olusetshenziswa endabeni emfushane
Iqukethe amagama ambalwa, ababhali abaningi bakhetha ukusebenzisa ulimi olunamasiko, ecebile, enikeza umfundi ithuba lokuthola amagama amasha futhi ajwayelane nesichazamazwi esimshukumisela ukuba acwaninge. Ngokuphambene, basekhona ababhali abagxile ezindleleni zomdabu, baze bakhethe ukusebenzisa isitsotsi.
Izingxenye zendaba emfushane
Its
Kubhekiselwa esisekelweni esiyisisekelo sendaba, esisebenza njengokugxila okumaphakathi komsebenzi. Ngokuba netimu ethize, Izingxoxo, izenzo, ukungqubuzana kanye nezinto zabalingisi zizoqondaniswa ngaphansi kwe-nuance efanayo, egcwalisa noma iyiphi indaba ngobuqiniso nokuhambisana.
Ukuxabana
Izikhathi eziningi, kulula ukudida ingxabano nendikimba, kodwa zombili zinemibono ehluke ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, Endabeni emfushane ethusayo, ukungabaza kuyindikimba, kuyilapho itulo kuyisifiso sombulali we-serial ukuhlasela abathandi ababili endlini yokugezela ehlathini. Ngamanye amazwi: isakhiwo sinquma zonke izehlakalo ezihlobene nesakhiwo.
Ukungqubuzana
Leli iphuzu elithakaselekayo kuwo wonke umfundi. Ivamise ukwethulwa njengenkinga abalingiswa okumele bayixazulule, egcina isinikeza incazelo ebukhoneni bendaba. Ngokufanayo, Kujwayelekile ukuthi ukungqubuzana kungaxazululeki, ngalokho kuqinisekisa ukuthi indaba emfushane okukhulunywa ngayo inesiphetho esivulekile, into esetshenziswa kakhulu ezindabeni ezingaqondakali.
Personajes
Ilukuluku ngabalingiswa abasezindabeni ezimfushane ukuthi bangamelwa ngabalingiswa, izilwane noma izinto. Ngokwezinga elikhulu, Bavame ukugqama kakhulu ngezenzo zabo nezingxoxo kunokubukeka kwabo, Ngakho-ke, ngokuqondene nalokhu kwakamuva, umbhali angakhetha ukwenza incazelo emfushane yabalingiswa bakhe, noma enze ngaphandle kwayo nhlobo.
Izibonelo zezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zezindaba ezimfishane
- Izinganekwane, ngu-Anton Chekhov;
- Izindaba zaseNew York, ngu-O. Henry;
- Qedela izindaba, ngu-Edith Wharton;
- IziKronike zikaMartian, nguRay Bradbury;
- Incwadi yokuhlanza abesifazane, nguLucia Berlin;
- Imibhalo emnyama yokwenziwa neminye, nguFlannery O'connor;
- Konke kubasa umlilo, of UJulio Cortazar;
- Ngibatshela bonkes, nguRaymond Carver;
- Injabulo, nguMary Lavin;
- Indawo efanayo, izinto ezifanayo, nguTim Gautreaux;
- umbono we-binocular, ngu-Edith Pearlman;
- Ithafa Elivuthayo, kaJuan Rulfo;
- Izindaba ezingavamile, kaRoald Dahl;
- Reginald, nguSaki;
- Uthando lwezikhova, nguJosé Jiménez Lozano.