Umkhathi wamahlaya ESpain yindaba izinguquko, izinselele kanye nempumelelo yamasiko eyaqala ngekhulu le-19 futhi isaqhubeka nanamuhla. Lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwenzeka ngenxa yomsebenzi wabacwaningi abafana noManuel Barrero kanye ukukhula kwentshisekelo yomphakathi okuyinto, eminyakeni yamuva, ishintshe ngokuphelele umbono wamahlaya, isondeza ubuciko besishiyagalolunye kumphakathi jikelele futhi ibona ukubaluleka kwayo kokubili embonini namasiko athandwayo.
Ngokuhamba kweminyaka, i- Umlando wamahlaya umakwe izigigaba zomlando, izici zomphakathi, nezinguquko zobuchwepheshe. Kusukela ekushicilelweni kokuqala okunezithombe kuya ekuhlanganisweni kwe-manga kanye namahlaya edijithali, izinhlamvu Manje sebeyingxenye ebalulekile yezizukulwane ezintsha kanye nesihloko sokufunda enyuvesi. Ake sibuyekeze izigaba ezibalulekile kanye nokunyakaza okukhulu okuchaze umkhondo wamahlaya ezweni lethu.
Umsuka: kusuka emakhathuni ahlekisayo kuya embonini yezincwadi zamahlaya
Indawo yokuqala yamahlaya aseSpain itholakala phakathi I-1857 ne-1939, isikhathi esiyinkimbinkimbi ngenxa yokushoda kwemibhalo kanye nobunzima bokugcina izinto zokuqala. Njengoba uManuel Barrero, umongameli weTebeosfera kanye nombhali wencwadi ethi "History of Comics in Spain," echaza, izibonelo zokuqala ziphuma emaphephandabeni ahlekisayo, anamahlaya ashicilelwe emaphephandabeni emadolobheni afana neMadrid, iValencia, neSeville. Ngalesi sikhathi, iSpain yangenisa amamodeli alandisayo avela kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu futhi yawajwayelanisa nengqikithi yawo yezenhlalo nezombusazwe.
Ekuqaleni, amahlaya kwakuyizindaba eziphelele ngezithombe., ezincwadini eziyingxube ezishintshanisa amahlaya, ama-caricature, nemibhalo. Kwaze kwaba ngamashumi eminyaka okugcina ekhulu le-19 kanye namashumi okuqala eminyaka ekhulu lama-20 lapho kwavela khona omagazini bokuqala abakhethekile, njenge-"Pulgarcito" nethi "La Risa,". Ukubhuqa kanye namahlaya kwakuyizithako ezibalulekile, nezincwadi ezithandwayo zamasonto onke ezazigxeka iziphathimandla futhi zikhombisa impilo yangaleso sikhathi.
Ukuhlanganiswa kwamahlaya
Ngo-1915, kwavela umagazini wokuqala wencwadi yamahlaya ezitolo zezindaba, okuphawula inkathi entsha. Ukuzalwa komagazini abanjengo "TBO", ngo-1917, kwaphawula ukukhuphuka kwefomethi okwakuhloswe ngayo ekuqaleni umuntu omdala, izethameli zesigaba sabasebenzi, kudala ngaphambi kokugxila kubafundi bezingane. Lokhu kushicilelwe kuhlanganisa izindaba ze-costumbral, i-adventure, amahlaya, futhi, kamuva, izindaba zothando kanye ne-macabre ezihloselwe izethameli ezihlukahlukene.
Ukuvela kwesikhulumi kwakuhlobene eduze nokufundaAmahlaya ayevame ukuba yisango lokufunda kulabo abangakafundi, njengoba izithombe zazivumela ukuthi indaba ilandelwe ngombhalo omncane. Kwaze kwaba ngawo-1940 lapho amantombazane eba abafundi abavamile, futhi kwavela amahlaya aqondene nawo ngokukhethekile, nakuba ayephawulwa ukuziphatha kweNational Catholicism.
Ukucwaninga kwabamba iqhaza elibalulekile ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi ngesikhathi sombuso wobushiqela kaFranco, ukukhawulela izihloko ezifana nezocansi, kamuva, nodlame. Imboni, nokho, yakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo futhi yaphila ngisho nasezikhathini ezinzima kakhulu, njengeMpi Yombango, lapho izindlu ezimbalwa zokushicilela zikwazile ukuqhubeka nokusebenza.
Kusukela esikhathini sangemva kwempi kuya ekuqhumeni kokudala kwawo-1980s
Lapho impi isiphelile, amahlaya aseSpain aqala kabusha amafomu amasha nomagazini, eziningi zazo zinemibala emnyama nemhlophe futhi ehambisana nokuphrinta elungiselwe ukulinganiselwa kwesikhathi. I-Barcelona iba yisizinda somkhakha, egxile kakhulu ezindlini zokushicilela ezibalulekile nezincwadi.
Eminyakeni yamashumi ayisikhombisa namashumi ayisishiyagalombili, lo mkhakha waba nentuthuko yangempela. ukuthuthukiswa kokusungula nokuhlola, eqokomisa kokubili omagazini bamahlaya nezihloko ezihlobene nomshoshaphansi we-Barcelona. Kwakungalesi sikhathi lapho kwavela khona izibalo ezinkulu ezinjengo-Escobar kanye noFrancisco Ibáñez, ababhali abamaka ngaphambi nangemuva kwamahlaya kazwelonke. Kwahlolwa izilimi ezintsha, izinhlobo, nezindikimba, kwabeka izisekelo zemboni okwathi, naphezu kokuba sengozini kwayo, yakwazi ukuzihlanganisa ngokwamasiko.
Ukunyuka kwe-manga, idijithali kanye neqiniso elisha lamahlaya
Ikhulu lama-21 limelela elinye inguquko emlandweni wamahlayaNgokusho kwezazi u-Álvaro Pons kanye no-Noelia Ibarra, ukuvela kwe-manga kanye nesimo se-webtoon kuyiguqule kakhulu imakethe, kwaheha izethameli ezincane futhi kwahlukanisa ukunikezwa kwetimu. Imidiya yedijithali, amamodeli amasha wokuzishicilela y ukuhlanganiswa kwenoveli eyisithombe Bafake isandla ekuvuleni amahlaya kubafundi abasha kanye nokubonakala okukhulu komphakathi.
Amahlaya ase-Spanish manje asebenza ngokubambisana namalebula amakhulu, abashicileli abancane, kanye nokwehluka okukhulu kwababhali nezitayela.Izibalo ezinjengoPaco Roca seziphenduke izithonjana zamasiko, futhi imakethe manje isijwayelekile kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwesekwa kwesikhungo—ngemiklomelo kazwelonke, ukufakwa eminyuziyamu nasemanyuvesi, kanye nomthetho othile—kuqinise ukuba semthethweni kwamahlaya njengendlela yobuciko.
Izinselelo zesimanje: ukwehlukahlukana, ukungaqiniseki kanye nefa lesikhathi esedlule
Iqiniso lamanje lomkhakha likabili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kukhona a ukunotha kwetimu kanye nezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobo esihlokweni sokuhlela: kusukela kunkumbulo yomlando kuya kumahlaya omlando womuntu, kusukela ekubhuqweni komphakathi kuya kuhambo lwentsha. Nokho, ukungaqiniseki kwababhali Kusasele kuyindaba elindile, njengoba ukuphindaphindeka kwezihloko akusho ukwanda kokuthengiswa noma amathuba okuba bonke abadali basebenze ngobungcweti.
Naphezu kokuncintisana okuvela kuma-manga aseJapane kanye nezinguquko emikhubeni yabathengi, amahlaya aseSpain akwazile ukuthola indawo yawo, ahlanganisa amazwi amasha kanye nokugcina ingqikithi yokucasula nokuhlolaUkwanda kwabalandeli kanye nokuzishicilela kugcina uphila omunye umoya ophawule izikhathi zokudala kakhulu zomkhakha.
Ukuhambisana kwezenhlalo namasiko kwamahlaya namuhla
El ukuqashelwa komphakathi kwamahlaya Ingenye yezimpumelelo ezinkulu kakhulu emashumini eminyaka amuva nje. Iyekile ukuthathwa njengomkhiqizo omncane futhi isiphenduke into yokufunda, imibukiso yasemnyuziyamu, kanye nenkulumompikiswano yabezindaba. Ukwesekwa kwesikhungo, ukuvulwa kwemakethe, nokwamukelwa kwamafomu amasha okulandisa kuye kwasondeza amahlaya ezithamelini ezazingajwayelekile futhi kwahlanganisa indima yazo njengokuvezwa komphakathi namasiko aseSpain.
Ababhali abadumile, impumelelo yamazwe ngamazwe, nokuhlalisana kwesiko nesimanje kwenza amahlaya abe yinto ephilayo, eguquguqukayo, neguqukayo njalo. Umlando wamahlaya eSpain, ngamafuphi, Indaba yokuqina, ukuzivumelanisa nezimo, nokudala, lapho inkumbulo kanye nokuqanjwa kwezinto kuhambisana nekusasa.
