Ukushicilelwa kwencwadi enamakhasi acishe abe ngamakhulu ayisikhombisa ezinikele ngokuphelele esithombeni sika- UJosé Somoza, umbhali kanye nosopolitiki okhululekile owazalelwa ePiedrahíta, kuphawula inkathi yokuguquka ekuqondeni komunye wababhali abakhulu bezincwadi zezilimi zaseSpain bengxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19, owayephakathi kwababhali bezincwadi zezilimi zaseSpain. ababhali beSpanish RomanticismNaphezu kokubaluleka kwakhe emlandweni nasezincwadini, igama lakhe lalahliwe lafakwa endaweni eyimfihlo endabeni yamasiko, ikakhulukazi ngaphandle kwe-Ávila.
Le ncwadi entsha, eshicilelwe yi- Grand Duke of Alba Institution of the Provincial Council of Ávila futhi isayinwe ngumcwaningi uJosé Antonio Bernaldo de Quirós, ifika nobizo lokuba yi- i-biography ecacile ka-José SomozaAkugcini nje ngokwakha kabusha impilo yakhe kanye nomzila wakhe wezepolitiki ngokuzimisela okucophelelayo, kodwa futhi kunikeza okokuqala uhlelo oluphelele olubucayi lomsebenzi wakhe wobungcweti, okuze kube manje olusakazeke noma olutholakala kuphela ngezinguqulo ezingaphelele neziphelelwe yisikhathi.
Iphrojekthi yokushicilela enesifiso esikhulu mayelana nomlobi wezincwadi ocishe wakhohlwa
Ivolumu, enesihloko nje "UJosé Somoza (1781-1852). Ucwaningo lwempilo yomuntu, imisebenzi yokubhala, ukuhlaziywa kanye nezinkomba"Yethulwe eTorreón de los Guzmanes, indlunkulu ye-Diputación de Ávila, emcimbini lapho iphini leSiko, uJavier González, umqondisi weGran Duque de Alba Institution, uMaximiliano Fernández, kanye nomlobi ngokwakhe ekhulume.
Ngefomethi eseduze nosayizi we-A4 kanye Amakhasi angu-669 okuqukethwe okuxineneyo nokubhalwe kahleLo msebenzi uhlose ukugcwalisa unomphela izikhala ezazikhona mayelana nalesi sifundiswa sekhulu le-19. Le ncwadi icatshangwa njengocwaningo oluphelele olugxile empilweni yomphakathi kaSomoza—njengosopolitiki okhululekile, umeya, kanye nomholi wezepolitiki wesifundazwe ngesikhathi seLiberal Triennium—kanye nomsebenzi wakhe njengomlandisi wezindaba kanye nembongi.
UGonzález akazange angabaze ukuchaza umsebenzi ngokuthi "Umlando oqondile kaJosé Somoza"Ugcizelele ukuthi le ncwadi ingumphumela wocwaningo lweminyaka eminingi oludinga ukuvuselelwa kwedatha ekhona. Ugcizelele ukuthi le ncwadi "inakho konke okudingekayo ukuze ibe yinkomba ebalulekile" ngaphakathi kocwaningo lomlando nezincwadi zika-Ávila, kanye nokukhululeka kweSpain kwekhulu le-19.
Ngakwesokunene sakhe, uMaximiliano Fernández wagcizelela umlingiswa ngokwesayensi eqinile futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo kufinyeleleka yevolumu, kanye nendima kaBernaldo de Quirós njengomunye wamalungu akhuthele kakhulu eGran Duque de Alba Institution, lapho ayesevele ezihlukanise khona ngocwaningo lwangaphambilini lweshashalazi e-Ávila, umlobi wencwadi ethi Celestine noma izibalo ezifana no-Eugenio de Tapia noma u-Eulogio Florentino Sanz.
Impilo eyakhiwe kabusha ngokuningiliziwe: kusukela ePiedrahíta yakubo kuya ekushushisweni
Ngemva kwesingeniso kanye nesifundo sokuqala esisungula umongo womlando kanye namasiko, incwadi igxila ku- Umlando ophelele ohlanganisa impilo yonke kaJosé Somoza, kusukela ekuzalweni kwakhe ePiedrahíta ngo-Okthoba 24, 1781 kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe edolobheni elifanayo ngo-Okthoba 4, 1852.
Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwempilo akugcini nje ngezigaba ezidumile, kodwa Igxila eziqeshini ezingakahlolwa kakhulu noma ezingakashicilelwa nhloboPhakathi kwazo, le ncwadi igxila kakhulu ekungqubuzaneni kwakhe neSonto, okwaholela ekugxekweni komunye wemisebenzi yakhe ngezitatimende ezithi ziphambene nomthetho kanye neqiniso lokuthi wafa engavumanga ukuvuma izono, iqiniso elibonisa ngokucacile ukungezwani kwesikhathi phakathi komcabango okhululekile kanye nemfundiso yenkolo.
Umsebenzi uphinde uhlukanise ngokuningiliziwe izikhathi zabo zokuboshwaLokhu kwakuwumphumela wezinxushunxushu zezombusazwe kanye nokuzibophezela kwakhe emibonweni yenkululeko. USomoza waboshwa kabili futhi wahlushwa ngezikhathi ezahlukene emsebenzini wakhe, okuyinani elivamile lokukhokha izihlakaniphi ezizinikele zekhulu le-19 ezazisekela inkululeko yomphakathi kanye nezinguquko.
Esinye sezici ezihlaba umxhwele kakhulu kulolu cwaningo ukubuyiswa kwemibhalo impilo yakhe yangasese, ngokwesiko embozwe ukuqondaUmbhali useshe ezinqolobaneni ukuze akhe kabusha isiqephu sothando esingaziwa: uthando lukaSomoza olungabuyiselwa ngowesifazane waseMadrid, kanye nobuhlobo obuyimfihlakalo nomshana wakhe uVicenta, isibopho umsebenzi osibhekana naso ngokuqapha, kodwa okunikeza izinto ezintsha zokuzicabangela.
Isithombe esivela kukho konke ngeyesithombe se- ukuhlakanipha okuqotho, okuthobekile nokuhlakaniphileWenqaba izikhundla eziphezulu ayengazifinyelela ezingeni likazwelonke. Naphezu kwekhono lakhe elikhulu kanye nodumo, uSomoza wakhetha ukugcina ibanga elithile emazingeni aphezulu kakhulu emandla, ngaphandle kokulahla noma yimiphi imithwalo yemfanelo ebalulekile kwezepolitiki yesifundazwe.
Isakhiwo sencwadi: umlando wokuphila, izithasiselo, kanye nohlelo olubucayi olungakashicilelwa
Umsebenzi osayinwe nguBernaldo de Quirós uklanywe nge- ukwakheka okuklanywe ngokucophelelaNgemva komlando oyinhloko, umfundi uzothola uchungechunge lwezithasiselo ezithuthukisa iphrofayili yombhali kanye nosopolitiki wasePiedrahíta. Lezi zingxenye zifaka phakathi umuthi womndeni onemininingwane, isifundo somtapo wakhe wezincwadi, kanye nokuhlola izincwadi zakhe, okusiza ukuqonda kangcono amanethiwekhi akhe obuhlakani kanye nobungane, abaningi babo abaxhumene nokukhululeka kwesikhathi sakhe.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ncwadi ihlanganisa umdwebo wokugcina kanye nesigaba esithi "uSomoza kanye nesizukulwane esizayo", ehlaziya uphawu olushiywe ngumuntu wakhe enkumbulweni yamasiko, kanye nezithombe ezifana nalezi U-Emilia Pardo BazánLokhu kuwukubuka indlela afundwe ngayo, acashunwe ngayo, noma akhohlwe ngayo eminyakeni ecishe ibe ngamakhulu amabili edlule, okubeka ifa lakhe ebalazweni elijwayelekile lezincwadi zaseSpain.
Kodwa mhlawumbe umongo ogqame kakhulu wevolumu yi- uhlelo oluphelele lwemisebenzi yezincwadi kaJosé SomozaLe ncwadi ihlanganisa yonke imibhalo yakhe eyaziwayo ibe yincwadi eyodwa, inqoba imikhawulo yezincwadi zangaphambilini, njengeqoqo lika-1904 likaJosé Lomba y Pedraja noma ukukhethwa kwezihloko zephrozi ezahlelwa nguJosé Luis Puerto ekuqaleni kwawo-2000.
Isigaba esizinikele emsebenzini wakhe esanyatheliswa ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe sifinyelela cishe kusukela ekhasini 235 kuya ku-514, kuyilapho imisebenzi eyavela ngemva kokufa ithatha kusukela ku-515 kuya ku-644. Ngemva kwalokhu, kufakwa uchungechunge lwezinkondlo ezingaziwa ezitholakala emaphepheni kaSomoza, umphumela wokusesha isikhathi eside ezinqolobaneni zesifundazwe, zikamasipala nakwezinye izindawo zokugcina umlando.
Leli bhulokhi liqediwe nge inkomba yabantu abangomlando nababhali okukhulunywe ngakho emibhalweni yombhali, ithuluzi eliwusizo kakhulu kokubili kubacwaningi kanye nabafundi abanelukuluku abafuna ukulandela izinkomba zamasiko ezitholakala emibhalweni yakhe.
Uhlelo olubalulekile oluhloselwe ochwepheshe nabafundi abangebona abafundi
Enye yezindinganiso ezinhle kakhulu zencwadi ukuthi indlela yokuhlela ephindwe kabiliLo msebenzi wenzelwe ukuba wusizo kochwepheshe bezincwadi nomlando, kodwa futhi nakunoma yimuphi umfundi onentshisekelo osondela esithombeni sikaSomoza okokuqala. Ukuze afeze lokhu, uBernaldo de Quirós ukhethe uhlelo olubucayi olunemishini ephelele yokubhala, ngenkathi efaka amanothi amaningi achazayo alula ukufunda.
Umcwaningi uchaza ukuthi imibhalo eminingi etholakala ezingobo zomlando Lokhu kumvumele ukuthi aqinisekise ngokunemba okukhulu ukuthembeka kwemibhalo kaSomoza echaza impilo yakhe. Imibhalo yakhe ngaye, ngaphandle kokubhalwa ngekhwalithi yokubhala emangalisayo, ifakazela ukuthi iyimithombo ethembekile kakhulu, into engenjalo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngalolu hlobo lwezinto.
Ngokungafani nezinhlelo ezindala, ezazivame ukuhlela imisebenzi ngokwezinhlobo zezincwadi, lesi siphakamiso esisha sikhetha inqubo yokulandelana kwezikhathiLe ncwadi ihlukanisa ngokucacile imisebenzi eyanyatheliswa ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali kuleyo eyanyatheliswa ngemva kokufa kwakhe, ikhombisa unyaka kanye nomongo noma nini lapho kungenzeka. Ngale ndlela, umfundi angalandelela ukuvela komcabango wakhe kanye nesitayela sakhe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.
Le nhlangano yesikhashana iphinde iphendule umbuzo othi ukucaca kokuhlelaUma kukhulunywa ngemibhalo yangemva kokufa, kubalulekile ukuthi umfundi azi ukuthi ayizange ihlolwe nguSomoza uqobo, okungase kuvule impikiswano mayelana nokubhala kwayo noma isimo sayo sokubuyekezwa. Incwadi ichaza lezi zimo ngokuningiliziwe, icacisa okwaziwayo nalokho okusalokhu kungatshazwa.
Esinye isici esibalulekile salolu hlelo ukufakwa amanothi achazayo kanye nezinhlobo zombhaloLezi zinto zazingekho nhlobo ezincwadini eziqoqiwe kusukela ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20. Lezi zinsiza zibalulekile ekuqondeni izinkomba zomlando, ukuphenduka kwezilimi zesikhathi esithile, kanye nezinkomba zezincwadi, okungenzeka ukuthi, emakhulwini amabili eminyaka kamuva, azikwazi ukubonwa ngumfundi wanamuhla.
Umholi wenkululeko ovela ku-Ávila enkabeni yomlando wekhulu le-19
Ngale komkhakha wezincwadi, lolu cwaningo lubeka uJosé Somoza endaweni inhliziyo yempi yezepolitiki namasiko yokukhululeka kwaseSpain kwasekuqaleniWazalelwa phakathi nenkinga yoMbuso Wakudala futhi eshona eSpain esivele iphawulwe ngamashumi eminyaka yengxabano yemibono, indlela yakhe inika ithuba elihle lokuqonda umlando wezwe.
Phakathi kuka-1810 no-1837, uSomoza wabamba izikhundla ezahlukene. izikhundla zomthwalo wemfanelo kwezepolitikiPhakathi kwezikhundla zakhe eziphawulekayo kwakukhona isikhundla sokuba yimeya kanye nobuholi bezepolitiki besifundazwe ngesikhathi se-Liberal Triennium. Kusukela kulezi zikhundla, wagcina ukuxhumana okuseduze nama-liberal esikhathi sakhe, ehlanganyela ngenkuthalo engxoxweni yomphakathi futhi evikela izikhundla ezamenza waba ngumsekeli kanye nezitha.
Umsebenzi kaBernaldo de Quirós ugcizelela ukuthi umbhali wasePiedrahíta wayengafisa izikhundla eziphezulu zezepolitiki ezingeni likazwelonkeNokho, ubuntu bakhe kanye nomuzwa wakhe wokuziphatha kwamenza wahlala engaziwa phakathi nezimo ezithile. Ukwethembeka kwakhe kanye nesizotha, izimfanelo ezazidunyiswa kakhulu yilabo ababemazi, zamhlukanisa nesifiso samandla esasiphawulwa abanye abantu ababephila nabo.
Incwadi iphinde ihlole ukuthi kanjani ukushushiswa kwezepolitiki kanye nokungqubuzana kwemibono Lezi zenzakalo zakha indlela yakhe siqu. Isikhathi sakhe ejele, ukubhekwa, kanye nezingxabano neziphathimandla zesonto kwakungezona izigameko ezingavamile, kodwa kwakuyingxenye yokuphila okuphawulwe ukungezwani phakathi kobugqila kanye nokukhululeka, phakathi kwamasiko noshintsho.
Ngalo mqondo, umsebenzi awugcini nje ngokukhazimulisa umzimba wakhe, kodwa unikeza ukuhlaziywa okuningiliziwe kwezinqumo zakhe nokuphikisana kwakhebezama ukumbeka ngaphakathi komongo oyinkimbinkimbi wekhulu leminyaka elinokuphazamiseka. Umphumela uba isithombe somuntu ohlakaniphile ozinikele, kodwa futhi ongumuntu ojulile, onokungabaza, ukuthula, kanye nezici ezingaziwa kakhulu ezivelela ngenxa yomsebenzi wokugcina umlando wesiguli.
Ngakho-ke, le ncwadi iziveza njengengaphezu nje komlando nje: iyithuluzi ukululama kwamasiko ku-Ávila kanye nomlando wezincwadi zaseSpainLe ncwadi isindisa umbhali ohamba phambili wezincwadi zezindaba kanye nesombusazwe ekukhohlweni awela kukho. Ukuhlanganiswa komlando womuntu, ukuhlaziywa okubucayi, kanye nohlelo oluphelele lomsebenzi wakhe kuvumela abafundi ukuthi basondele kuJosé Somoza ngokujula okungakaze kubonwe ngaphambili.
