Ukuhlakanipha Kwasendulo: Izincwadi Ezinhle Kakhulu ngobuJuda
UbuJuda yinkolo, isiko, namasiko axhumene nabantu abangamaJuda, umphakathi wohlanga, inkolo, namasiko ophuma kumaHeberu kanye nama-Israyeli asendulo aseLevantine Mediterranean. Ngokomlando, indala kunazo zonke ezinkolweni ezintathu ezinkulu zika-Abrahama, ezihlanganisa ubuKristu nobuSulumane, nakuba, ngokumangalisayo, inabalandeli abambalwa kakhulu.
Nakuba ingekho indikimba yezenkolo noma inhlangano ehlela izimfundiso zenkolo yamaJuda, Kuqondwe amalungu ayo ukuthi lo mkhuba usekelwe ezimfundisweni ze Torah, eyakhiwe ngezincwadi ezinhlanu. Nokho, lona akuwona wodwa umbhalo ohlotshaniswa nobuJuda, njengoba kuneminye imiqulu esisiza ukuba siqonde umlando, izimiso, nezinkolelo zayo. Lezi ezinye zazo.
Izincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zobuJuda
Jumash
El Jumash -kubhaliwe futhi Jumash o UChumash- iqoqo lemiqulu emihlanu yokuqala ye- Torah: UGenesise, U-Eksodusi, OkungesiLevitikusi, Números y UDuteronomi. Lezi zaziwa ngokuthi IPentateuch. Igama layo livela egameni lesiHebheru Chamesh, okusho “ezinhlanu,” ebhekisela ezincwadini ezinhlanu zikaMose.
El Jumash ayigcini nje ngokuqukatha umbhalo weBhayibheli ngesiHebheru, kodwa ngokuvamile ihlanganisa nezincazelo zorabi, izinguqulo zesi-Aramu—njengesi Targum Onkelos— nezincazelo ezisiza ekuchazeni incazelo yemibhalo. Liyincwadi eyisisekelo ku Isiko lamaJuda futhi isetshenziswa ezifundweni zenkolo, kanye nasekufundweni kwe Torah emasinagogeni.
Lo mbhalo ongcwele ulandisa ngokudalwa komhlaba, umlando wezinzalamizi nokhokho bakwa-Israyeli., ubugqila eGibithe, ukunikezwa koMthetho eNtabeni YaseSinayi nokulungiselelwa kwabantu bakwa-Israyeli ukuba bangene eZweni Lesithembiso. Kungumsebenzi oyinhloko wobuJuda futhi futhi iyinkomba eyisisekelo ebuKristwini.
Amagama e-Chumash
- “Uma bobabili indoda nomfazi befaneleka, ubukhona bukaNkulunkulu (uShekhinah) buhlala kubo. Uma kungenjalo, umlilo ubaqothule.
- "Othole umfazi uthole okuhle futhi ufanele umusa kaNkulunkulu."
Ithanaki
El Ithanaki Kuyiqoqo lemibhalo engcwele yobuJuda, okulingana nalokho esikweni lobuKristu kwaziwa ngokuthi ITestamente Elidala. Igama layo liyisifinyezo sezigaba ezintathu eziyakhayo:
- Torah, okusho umthetho noma umyalelo: kuhlanganisa nezincwadi ezinhlanu zikaMose esikhulume ngazo ezigabeni ezedlule;
- Nevi'im, okubhekiselwa kubaprofethi: ikhuluma ngendaba yabantu bakwa-Israyeli ngabaprofethi, kuhlanganise nezincwadi ezifana nalezi UJosue, Abahluleli, Samuel, Reyes, U-Isaya, UJeremiya y Ezequiel, ngaphezu kwabayishumi nambili abakhanyiselwe kancane;
- I-Ketuvim, noma imibhalo: iqukethe imibhalo yezinkondlo, ubuhlakani kanye nomlando, njenge AmaHubo, Izaga, UJobe, I-Rut, Umshumayeli, ester, Daniel, Ezra Nehemiya y IziKronike.
El Ithanaki Kuyisisekelo sobuJuda kanye nensika emlandweni namasiko abantu bamaJuda. Izindaba zakhe zikhuluma ngokudalwa komhlaba kanye nokubuya ekuthunjweni kwaseBhabhiloni, zinikeza izimfundiso zokuziphatha, imithetho, iziprofetho, kanye nemibono yefilosofi eye yathonya impucuko yaseNtshonalanga.
Amavesi avela eTanakh
- “Yala inhlangano yonke yakwa-Israyeli ukuthi: Yibani ngcwele, ngokuba mina Jehova uNkulunkulu wenu ngingcwele.” Levitikusi 19:2;
- "UNkulunkulu akafani nomuntu ofayo: akaqambi amanga noma ashintshe umqondo wakhe. Uma esho into, uyayenza. Lapho enza isithembiso, uyasifeza. Numeri 23:19 .
Imibono kaRashi, nguRabi Shlomo Yitzchaki
Ingenye yemisebenzi enethonya elikhulu ekuchazeni kweBhayibheli kanye ne-Talmudic ngaphakathi kwenkolo yobuJuda.. Ibhalwe isazi senkathi ephakathi uRabbi Shlomo Yitzchaki, owaziwa ngelika-Rashi (1040-1105), le ncwadi inikeza incazelo enemininingwane nefinyelelekayo ye Torah futhi i I-Talmud, esiza abafundi baqonde izincazelo ezijulile zemibhalo engcwele.
URashi uhlanganisa izincazelo zolimi, izinkomba zesiko lorabi, nezincazelo zomongo ukuze akhanyisele izindinyana eziyinkimbinkimbi. Isitayela sayo esicacile nesicacile sikwenze kwaba umsebenzi obalulekile wocwaningo lwe IBhayibheli i-hebrea, isetshenziswa kabanzi yizazi nabafundi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibono yabo ayifuni nje ukuhumusha umbhalo wezwi nezwi noma peshat, kodwa futhi ihlanganise izici zesiko le-midrash ukuze kwembule izimfundiso ezijulile. Ngenxa yendlela yakhe yokucophelela, Imibono kaRashi zihlale ziyisiqondiso esibalulekile ekutadisheni imiBhalo ngesiko lamaJuda.
I-Mishnah
La I-Mishnah Iyiqoqo lokuqala elikhulu elilotshiwe lesiko lamaJuda elidluliselwa ngomlomo futhi lakha isisekelo sombhalo I-Talmud. Ibhalwe cishe ngekhulu lesi-3 AD yisazi uRabi Yehuda HaNasi, Lo mbhalo uhlela futhi uhlanganise izimfundiso ezingokomthetho, zokuziphatha nezingokwesiko ezidluliselwa ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane.
Ihlukaniswe yaba oda eziyisithupha noma Sedarim, the I-Mishnah Ihlanganisa izihloko ezihlukahlukene, kuhlanganise nemithetho yezolimo, imikhosi, umshado nesehlukaniso, umthetho wezakhamuzi nobugebengu, izindinganiso zokuhlanzeka nokungcola, kanye nemithetho ephathelene nemihlatshelo ethempelini laseJerusalema. Isitayela sakhe sisiza ukufunda nokuxoxisana, ukubeka izisekelo zokuthuthuka kamuva komthetho wamaJuda noma iHalacha.
Le ncwadi yavumela ukulondolozwa kolwazi lwezenkolo ngemva kokubhujiswa kweThempeli Lesibili nokudingiswa kwabantu bamaJuda.. Ucwaningo lwayo luhlala luyisisekelo esikweni lorabi futhi luye lwaba nomthelela emicabangweni nasezenzweni zamaJuda kuwo wonke amakhulu eminyaka.
El I-Talmud
Lesi ngesinye seziqu ezimele kakhulu ze-Hasidism, kusukela iqoqa futhi ithuthukise isiko lomlomo elisekelwe ku I-Mishnah kanye nencazelo yalo ngezazi zorabi. Kubuye kube umbhalo obalulekile wokuqonda iHalacha nomcabango wamaJuda uwonke.
Ihlanganiswe yi- I-Mishnah futhi i Gemara - ukuphawula kanye nezinkulumo mpikiswano mayelana I-Mishnah-, el I-Talmud Ikhona ezinguqulweni ezimbili: i IJerusalema Talmud (ngekhulu le-4 AD) kanye ne- I-Talmud yaseBhabhiloni (ngekhulu lesi-5 AD), eyokugcina ibanzi futhi yafundwa kakhulu.
Kuwo wonke amakhasi ayo, el I-Talmud ikhuluma ngezindaba zenkolo, zomthetho, zefilosofi, zokuziphatha kanye nezesayensi, okubonisa ukuceba kwemicabango yorabi. Ifomethi yayo yengxoxo nempikiswano yenza inkulumo-mpikiswano yayo ibe wumsebenzi wobuhlakani ojulile, osebumbe ubuJuda kanye nempilo.
I-Pirkei Avot
Kuyincwadi ye- I-Mishnah ehlanganisa izimfundiso zokuziphatha nezefilosofi zezazi zasendulo ezingamaJuda. Ngokungafani nezinye izincwadi ezigxile ku-Halacha, I-Pirkei Avot Igxile ekuziphatheni okuhle, ekuhlakanipheni nasezimisweni okufanele ziqondise ukuphila komuntu..
Yakhiwe izahluko eziyisithupha, Le ncwadi inikeza iseluleko ngokuthobeka, ubulungisa, ukuzithiba, ukubaluleka kokutadisha nokubaluleka kwezenzo ezinhle. Izingcaphuno zakhe, ezidluliselwe ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane, zihlanganisa ukucabanga okukhumbulekayo okufana nokuthi, "Uma ngingeyena mina, ngubani ozoba kimi?" Kodwa uma ngingowami kuphela, ngiyini?”, kaHillel Omdala.
Ngokujwayelekile kufundwa phakathi nePesach neShavuot, I-Pirkei Avot Kuthathwa njengomhlahlandlela ongaphelelwa yisikhathi ekukhuleni komuntu siqu kanye nokwakha umphakathi osekelwe ezimisweni zokuziphatha kanye nomthwalo wemfanelo ofanayo.. Ithonya layo lidlulela ngalé kobuJuda, ekubeni umthombo wokuhlakanipha wendawo yonke mayelana nokuphila kanye nobuntu bomuntu.
