Inhloko-dolobha ivukile nokunyakaza okuqhubekayo esiswini okungabangelwa yizivivinyo zokungena eyunivesithi kuphela. Izinkulungwane zentsha zigcwele emakhampasi amanyuvesi omphakathi alesi sifunda, kusukela eComplutense kuya kuCarlos III, ukuze zibhekane nobunzima. usuku lokuqala lwe-PAULe nselele iphawula ukuphela kwesahluko esisodwa kanye nokuqala kwamaphupho abo omsebenzi. Nakuba isimo emaphasishi sasixube amanothi omzuzu wokugcina kanye nobuso obungalali, umuzwa ojwayelekile ngemva kokuxhumana kokuqala wawungowokukhululeka lapho bewela iminyango yekilasi.
Isibhamu sokuqala sadutshulwa, njengoba kunjalo ngesiko, yisihloko solimi lwesiSpanishi kanye nezincwadi II, lapho abafundi abavela kuthrekhi yeSayensi neTekhnoloji baba ngabokuqala ukuphula iqhwa. Lesi sivivinyo asiyona nje into eyenzeka ngokwesiko, njengoba amakhono okuhlaziya nokubhala Izivivinyo zihlolwa ngabahloli abathi kulo nyaka bafuna okungaphezu nje kwezimpendulo zezincwadi ezigcinwe ngekhanda. Le nhlangano iqhube kahle ezindaweni ezingamashumi amabili nane ezibekiwe, lapho amakhulu othisha eqinisekise khona ukuthi iphepha ngalinye lisendaweni yalo kanye nomfundi ngamunye edeskini lakhe.
Ukuzindla kobuntu kanye nobunzima befa lomuntu siqu
Esinye sezimangaliso ezinkulu zasekuseni savela embhalweni wesazi sefilosofi uJavier Gomá, onesihloko esithi “Indlela Esingathanda Ukukhunjulwa Ngayo.” Lesi siqephu, esasisebenzisa imibono kaShakespeare yokungafi, samema abafundi ukuba bazindle... Ukuphila okuyisibonelo njengendlela yokuphila lokho kudlula isikhathi. Le ndlela ebalulekile neqondakalayo iye yathinta kakhulu abafundi besikole samabanga aphezulu, abaye bakwazisa ukuthola indaba evumela impikiswano yomuntu siqu eguquguqukayo futhi okulula ukuyibona naphezu kokucindezeleka kwewashi.
Kwakungeyona yodwa inketho etafuleni, njengoba isazi sefilosofi uLola Pons naye wayenesikhathi sakhe nengxenye eyayihlola ukubaluleka kobuntatheli obubhaliwe nokuthi busebenze kanjani njengendawo yokuzalela i- ochwepheshe abakhulu bezincwadiYomibili imibhalo ivumele abafundi ukuthi babonise ikhono labo lokufingqa imibono eyinkimbinkimbi nokwakha inkulumo ehambisanayo, ikhono elibalulekile esivivinyweni lapho ukuhambisana nokuhleleka komcabango kubhekwa khona kakhulu. Abafundi abaningi baphawule ukuthi, nakuba uhlelo lwemisho lungahlala luthusa, okuqukethwe yizihloko kwakuyinkimbinkimbi.
Kusukela ku-Realism yekhulu le-19 kuya ku-avant-garde yezincwadi
Esimweni sokubhala kuphela, abafundi kuye kwadingeka babhekane nezincwadi zakudala ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi, njengezimpawu zokuba ngokoqobo kanye nemvelo njengoba kubonakala emsebenzini odumile we-La Regenta. Kulabo abakhetha ukuwela ichibi ngemicabango yabo, Inoveli yaseLatin America yekhulu lama-20 Kube ngenye yezindlela ezithandwa kakhulu, okuphoqa abazongenela ukhetho ukuba bakhumbule amagama kanye nokunyakaza okuye kwabumba izincwadi zanamuhla. Kubonakala sengathi ukutadisha okuqhubekayo kulo lonke ikhosi kuye kwaba nemiphumela emihle, njengoba ubuso obuphumayo bungazange bubonise ukudideka, kodwa kunalokho bubonise umuzwa wokuhlangabezana nokulindelwe.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abafundi emiculweni ye-Humanities, Arts, kanye neSocial Sciences bahlangabezane nezinselele ezahlukene kodwa ezikhuthaza ngokulinganayo, njengezinkondlo zikaYolanda Castaño noma ukubekezela okubonakala emibhalweni ka-Omar Fonollosa. Ekuthuthukisweni kwezindikimba, Isizukulwane senganekwane sabangu-14 Inhlangano i-Novecentismo nayo idlale indima evelele, idinga ulwazi olujulile lwababhali abafana noJuan Ramón Jiménez. Esigabeni solimi, amagama anjengokuthi 'universal' kanye nokusesha amagama aphikisanayo amagama avamile kuvivinye amagama alabo abafisa ukuthola amamaki aphezulu esifundeni.
Indlela entsha esekelwe ekuvuthweni kwezemfundo
Kulo nyaka, kugxilwe kakhulu ekwenzeni isivivinyo sibe ngaphezu kokuzivocavoca kokufaka idatha, kuhloswe ukuthuthukisa indlela esekelwe emakhono esevele yakha ingxenye enkulu yebanga. Iziphathimandla zemfundo zigcizelele ukuthi inhloso iwukwenza ukwazisa ukuvuthwa kwengqondo Phakathi kwabantu abasha, kugxilwe kakhulu ekhonweni labo lokuxhumanisa imiqondo kanye nekhono labo lokuveza imibono egxekayo enesisekelo esihle. Lokhu kuhumusha kube imibuzo embalwa enezimpendulo eziningi kanye namathuba amaningi abafundi okubonisa ulwazi lwabo, kuyilapho begcina isipelingi esiqinile kanye nohlelo lolimi, okungaba yinselele kakhulu kulabo abangaqapheli kahle izimpawu zokugcizelela.
Ukuze kuvinjelwe noma yiluphi uhlobo lobuqili emcimbini obaluleke kangaka, kuye kwasetshenziswa izilawuli eziqinile ngokumelene nokusetshenziswa kobuchwepheshe, okuhlanganisa nezinhlelo zokuthola amaza omsakazo emakilasini. Naphezu kwalezi zinyathelo zokuphepha, ezingase zesabise ngezinye izikhathi, ubufakazi babafundi buyavuma ukuthi ukulungiselela kwangaphambili ezikhungweni Kube yithuluzi elihle kakhulu lokubhekana nokuhlolwa ngokuthula. Ukusekelwa phakathi kwabafundi ofunda nabo ngesikhathi sekhefu kube yisihloko esijwayelekile, okubonisa ukuthi, yize ibanga lingumuntu ngamunye, bahambe indlela ndawonye.
Ukuhlelwa kwalo mcimbi omkhulu akuyona into encane, okubandakanya amakhulu abahloli bokuhlela kanye nabasebenzi bokuphatha abaqinisekisa ukuthi imiphumela isilungile emavikini ambalwa nje. Amamaki kulindeleke ukuthi ashicilelwe maphakathi noJuni, lapho inqubo yokudlulisa amacala izovuleka khona kulabo abanomuzwa wokuthi umzamo wabo ufanele ukuqashelwa okukhulu. Okwamanje, i- Inyuvesi yomphakathi yaseMadrid Ilungiselela ukwamukela iqembu elisha labafundi, ngemva kokunqoba isithiyo solimi nezincwadi, asebevele bebheke izifundo ezithile ezizogcina zichaza ukufinyelela kwabo emsebenzini wabo wempilo.
Izivivinyo ziyaqhubeka neFilosofi kanye noMlando kuseza, kodwa ukunqoba lesi sithiyo sokuqala solimi kufake ukuzethemba okwengeziwe emizileni yaseyunivesithi. Njengoba ukuhlaziywa kokulandisa kwanamuhla kanye nesimo sezinto sekungaphansi kwebhande labo, izinkulungwane zabaphothule esikoleni samabanga aphezulu zibhekene nesonto lonke ne nginethemba lokuthola lelo banga lokho kuzovula iminyango yesikhathi esizayo kubo. Izinga lobunzima, nakuba lilungiswe ngokwezindinganiso ezintsha ze-CRUE, liye labonakala liwukubonakaliswa kwangempela komsebenzi owenziwe emakilasini phakathi nonyaka onqunywa ngemizuzu engamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye kuphela ngesifundo ngasinye.
Ukuqala kokuhlolwa kokungena eyunivesithi esifundeni saseMadrid kushiye umbono omuhle, ophawulwe yimibhalo ekhuthaza ukuzihlola kanye nemodeli evuza ubuhlakani kunokugcina nje ngekhanda. Izindikimba zenoveli yangemva kwempi kanye ukuvela kokunyakaza kwe-avant-garde Baqede ukuhlolwa koLimi noLwazi, okungeyona into enzima abaningi abesabayo, kodwa kube yithuba labafundi lokubonisa amakhono abo okukhuluma. Manje okusele nje ukugxila ezinsukwini ezisele ukuze baphethe lesi sahluko sezemfundo esinzima ngempumelelo.
Usuku lokuqala lwezivivinyo zokungena eyunivesithi eMadrid luqinisekisile ukuthi ukulingana phakathi kokuqukethwe kwendabuko namakhono amasha kuyisihluthulelo sempumelelo yabafundi baseyunivesithi besikhathi esizayo. ukubamba iqhaza kwezinkulungwane zabafundi Futhi njengoba ukuhlolwa kuqhubeka ngaphandle kwezigameko eziphawulekayo, kube yisibonakaliso esihle kulo lonke isonto. Umzamo owenziwe ekuhlaziyeni imibhalo kaGomá noPons ubonisa isizukulwane esilungele ukucabanga, ukubhala kahle, nokubhekana nezinselele zobuhlakani ezibalindele eminyakeni yabo elandelayo yezemfundo.