Ikhodi Yempilo: Izincwadi Ezinhle Kakhulu Ngezofuzo
I-Genetics iyindawo yocwaningo lwebhayoloji efuna ukuqonda nokuchaza ukuthi ifa lebhayoloji lidluliselwa kanjani ngezizukulwane nge-DNA. Ngakho-ke, ungomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yesayensi yezinto eziphilayo yesimanje, ehlanganisa inani elikhulu leziyalo ngaphakathi kwayo kanye nemikhakha eyahlukene, ehlobene nezokwelapha, i-biochemistry, kanye nebhayoloji yamaselula.
Inhloso eyinhloko ocwaningweni lwezakhi zofuzo izakhi zofuzo, ezakhiwe izingxenye ze-DNA ne-RNA. ngemva kokulotshwa kwe-RNA yesithunywa, i-ribosomal RNA kanye nokudlulisa i-RNA. Lawa ahlanganiswe ku-DNA, elawula ukwakheka nokusebenza kwengqamuzana ngalinye. Ukuze uqonde inqubo, sidale uhlu lwezincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zezofuzo.
Izincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zofuzo
Izimiso eziyisisekelo zofuzo (2018), ngu-Luis F. Pascual Calaforra
Este incwadi yokuqala Yabhalelwa ukunikeza ukuvezwa okucacile nokuqinile kwezisekelo zezakhi zofuzo ngendlela ye-didactic nesimanje. Umsebenzi ibhekana namaphethini wefa lebhayoloji, izimiso zokudluliselwa kofuzo, kanye nezici zesakhiwo nokusebenza kwamakhromozomu. Izihloko ezifana nefa lezinto eziningi kanye nesakhiwo sofuzo sabantu nazo ziyahlolwa.
Ukunaka okukhethekile kukhokhwa kubhayoloji yamangqamuzana e-nucleic acid kanye nesenzakalo soguquko, kanye nezici ezihlobene nomsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezinto eziphilayo. Izahluko zokugcina zigxile kubuchwepheshe be-DNA obuhlangene nasocwaningweni lwesakhiwo kanye nokuvela kwama-genomes.
I-Genetics: indlela yomqondo (2020), ngu-Benjamin A. Pierce
Ngesipiliyoni seminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amabili, u-Benjamin A. Pierce uye wazibonakalisa njengesithenjwa ocwaningweni lwezakhi zofuzo. Uhlelo lwango-2020 lugcina izinjongo nezici zangempela: ukuveza uthando lwezakhi zofuzo, ukugqugquzela abafundi, nokugxila emicabangweni ebalulekile nasekuxazululeni izinkinga. Incwadi yakhelwe ikakhulukazi abafundi, ibasiza ukuthi banqobe ubunzima nezinselelo zokufunda lesi sifundo..
Isahluko ngasinye siqala ngezindaba ezethula futhi eziqondanisa isihloko, kusetshenziswa izibonelo zezifo noma ezinye izenzakalo zebhayoloji. Isitayela sokubhala asihlelekile futhi siyaxoxa, senza ukufundwa okubandakanyayo nokufundisayo. Imifanekiso elula neye-didactic iqinisa imiqondo esemqoka. Ngaphandle kwalokho, Kugxilwa ngokukhethekile ekuxazululeni izinkinga, okusiza ukuqonda nokusebenzisa ulwazi.
isakhi sofuzo sobugovu (1990), nguRichard Dawkins
Lona umqulu obalulekile ekusakazeni kwesayensi oguqule indlela esiqonda ngayo ukuziphendukela kwemvelo. Yashicilelwa okokuqala ngo-1976 futhi yaphinde yakhishwa ngo-1990 ngezibuyekezo, incwadi yethula ithiyori yokukhethwa kwemvelo ngokombono wezakhi zofuzo, kunokuba abantu noma izinhlobo zezilwane.
UDawkins uthi izinto eziphilayo “ziyizimoto” nje ezisetshenziswa izakhi zofuzo ukuze zisakaze futhi ziphile ezizukulwaneni ngezizukulwane. Ngezibonelo, Umbhali uchaza ukuthi ukuziphatha okungenangqondo kungavela kanjani ngenxa "yesu lobugovu" lezakhi zofuzo, futhi icubungula imiqondo efana ne-"meme," iyunithi yokudluliselwa kwamasiko efana nesakhi sofuzo.
Izinto ezingama-50 okufanele uzazi mayelana nofuzo (2010), nguMark Henderson
Lo mqulu unikeza ukuvakasha okuthakazelisayo emhlabeni wezakhi zofuzo. Ngezindatshana ezingamashumi amahlanu ezimfishane nezihehayo, umbhali ukhuluma ngayo yonke into kusukela kumbono kaDarwin wokuziphendukela kwemvelo kuya entuthukweni yakamuva neyimpikiswano yesayensi, ekhombisa Ulwazi lwekhodi yethu yofuzo lushintshe kanjani ukuqonda kwethu impilo yasemhlabeni.
Henderson, Umhleli Wesayensi we The Times, ibeka ngokuningiliziwe imiqondo eyinhloko yale sayensi, ehlola imibuzo eyisisekelo enjengokuthi: "Ingabe ubuntu bethu buzuzwa njengefa noma buzuzwe?", "I-DNA ingabonisani ngomlando womuntu?", "Kwakusho ukuthini ukudalwa kukaDolly Izimvu?" futhi "Ingabe maduze sizoklama izingane ngokufunwa?"
Lokho kwakungekho encwadini yami yofuzo. (2020), nguSergio Parra
Lapha sinomsebenzi wokufinyelela kwesayensi ohlola izici ezimangazayo nezingaziwa kancane zezakhi zofuzo, inselele imibono ecatshangwe ngaphambili kanye nokuphikisa imibono eyiphutha. Kuwo wonke amakhasi ayo, i-Parra ikhuluma ngezihloko ezinjengobukhona be-"junk DNA" ku-genome yethu.
Iphinde ihlole izihloko ezinjengokuguqulwa kofuzo ezibonakala ziphuma kumahlaya amaqhawe amakhulu nezimo ezifana nalezo zowesifazane one-DNA kubazali abathathu. Iphinde igqamise izinto ezithakaselwayo, njengokuthi, Uma siqaqa yonke i-DNA kumaseli ethu, singavala ibanga ukusuka eMhlabeni ukuya eNyangeni izikhathi eziningana., noma ukuthi ama-8% e-DNA yethu akhiwe izinsalela ze-viral DNA.
I-Epigenetics: Indlela Imvelo Eshintsha Ngayo Izakhi Zofuzo Zethu (2019), nguCarlos Roma Mateo noRaul Delgado-Morales
Okubalulekile kuhlola ukuthi izici zemvelo zingathonya kanjani ukuvezwa kofuzo ngaphandle kokushintsha ukulandelana kwe-DNA, ngokusebenzisa izindlela ze-epigenetic. Ababhali chaza ukuthi izinguquko ezibuyiseleka kanjani ekwakhekeni kwe-genome futhi kuma-molecule ahlobene avumela ukushintshashintsha komsebenzi wezakhi zofuzo.
Lokho, kunjalo, kuthinta isiphetho samangqamuzana akha imizimba yethu. Lolu lwazi lungenisa inkathi enikeza amathuluzi amasha okuqonda, ukubikezela, ngisho nokuhlehlisa izifo ngezindlela ebezingacatshangwa ngaphambili.
I-Dictator DNA: Yiziphi izakhi zofuzo ezikunqumela yona (2017), nguMiguel Pita
Kule ncwadi, umlobi uhlola engqondweni ka-Ale, umuntu ovamile, phakathi nosuku ekuphileni kwakhe, ukuze abonise indlela ufuzo oluthonya ngayo izinqumo zethu zansuku zonke nokuziphatha.
Ngale ndlela yokulandisa, u-Pita uhlola izindaba ezinjengokukhethwa kozakwethu, ukuthambekela ezifweni ezithile, kanye nomthelela wofuzo ezicini zobuntu. Umbhalo usimema ukuthi sicabange ngokulingana phakathi kwefa lofuzo kanye nendawo ezungezile ekwakhekeni kobuntu bethu nokuziphatha.
Ukuhlela izakhi zofuzo: ukusika, ukunamathisela nombala. Amathuluzi amangalisayo (2021), nguLluís Montoliu José
Incwadi igxile kumathuluzi okuhlela izakhi zofuzo, ikakhulukazi ubuchwepheshe be-CRISPR, eyatholwa kumagciwane isazi sezinto ezincane eziphilayo saseSpain uFrancis Mojica eminyakeni engaphezu kwengu-25 edlule. I-Montoliu inikezela ngesifingqo esinemininingwane futhi esifinyelelekayo sokuthi lo msebenzi wenze kanjani umthelela obalulekile kokubili kumalabhorethri nasemphakathini.
Umbhali uphinde achaze ukuthi amathuluzi e-CRISPR aguqule kanjani amasu okuhlela izakhi zofuzo, avumela ukusetshenziswa kwebhayoloji, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo, kanye ne-biotechnology. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ibhekana nezinkinga zokuziphatha ezivela ekusetshenzisweni kwazo, njengokuthi kungenzeka ukuzisebenzisa emibungu yabantu.
