Amanoveli omlando asethwe phakathi neMpi Yombango YaseSpain

Impi Yombango YaseSpain kwaba ukungqubuzana okwenzeka phakathi kuka-1936 no-1939. Le mpi yezikhali yahlukanisa kakhulu umphakathi wezwe, futhi yaba nomthelela ohlala njalo kukho kokubili kwengqondo nokuziphatha kwabantu bakhona. Lokhu kungqubuzana kwenzeka ikakhulukazi phakathi kwamabhulokhi amabili ezepolitiki: uhulumeni waseRiphabhulikhi kanye nebutho lamavukelambuso eliholwa nguFrancisco Franco.

Njengoba noma yimuphi umSpain azi, le mpi yanqotshwa uFranco, owaba umashiqela wezwe lase-Iberia kwaze kwaba sekufeni kwakhe ngo-1975. Ngemva kwalesi senzakalo esibi, Izintatheli nababhali bathathe umsebenzi wokwenza eminye yemibhalo enyakazisa kakhulu emlandweni.. Ngakho-ke, namuhla sizokhuluma ngezihloko ezifana nalezi Amasosha aseSalami o I-Jarama.

Amanoveli amahle kakhulu asethwe ngeMpi Yombango YaseSpain

Izwi elilele, ngu-Dulce Chacon (2002)

Kuyinganekwane yomlando eyenzeka phakathi kweminyaka ka-1939 no-1963, futhi ilandela indaba yeqembu labesifazane ababoshwa ngesikhathi sokuboshwa. Impi yezikhali. Phakathi nendawo, ikhuluma ngokukhuthazela nokusekelwa okungavela esimweni esinonya kangaka. Umsebenzi wakhiwe izingxenye ezintathu. Kwesokuqala, umbhali wethula abalingiswa, kanye nezindawo ezehlukene lapho isakhiwo senzeka khona kanye nesimo somlingiswa ngamunye.

Engxenyeni yesibili, isigwebo sowesifazane ogama lakhe linguHortensia siqhutshwa, ozohlala kuze kube yilapho indodakazi yakhe izalwa. Phakathi nezingxenye ezimbili zokuqala, kudlula izinyanga ezimbalwa, kanti kweyesithathu, kudlula iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili. Njengoba izahluko ziqhubeka, kungenzeka ukubona umphumela womlingiswa ngamunye, njengokuhamba kukaJaime noPepita baya eCórdoba.

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Izilinganiso ze- Izwi elilele

"Futhi uzoqhubeka nokulalela ahamba nabo ethule, ezwa sengathi isicabucabu esimnyama, esinoboya siluka ulwembu lwaso olunamathelayo phezu kwakhe, futhi sisaba ukuthi umshana wakhe usekhaya unwaya ukulunywa."
«Ukuphelelwa yithemba kuyindlela yokuphika iqiniso, lapho ukwamukela kusho ukwamukela ubuhlungu obungabekezeleleki. Nomzimba uyenqaba, uyahlubuka. Umuzwa uyabhonga. (…) Abahlubuki abaphelelwe ithemba ngokumelene nokwenzeka kwenduduzo.

Ubhekilanga Ongaboni, ngu-Alberto Mendez (2004)

Le ncwadi ikhuluma ngesikhathi sangemva kwempi ngezindaba ezine ezinomucu ofanayo: Ukunqotshwa kokuqala: 1939 o Uma inhliziyo ibicabanga ukuthi izoyeka ukushaya, Ukunqotshwa kwesibili: 1940 o Umbhalo wesandla utholakale ekukhohlweni, Ukunqotshwa kwesithathu: 1941 o Ulimi lwabangasekho y Ukunqotshwa kwesine: 1942 o Ubhekilanga Ongaboni. Indaba ngayinye ine-protagonist ebanjwe inhlekelele. Lokhu kubandakanya:

Ukaputeni webutho lamaFrancoist, othi, ngesenzo sikanembeza, anqume ukuzinikela ngalo kanye usuku lokunqoba. Imbongi esencane yaserepublic ebulawa indlala ejele. Isiboshwa esithola inhlansi yethemba ngaphambi kokubulawa kwaso, futhi ekugcineni, umfana nonina, abafihla imfihlo embi eSpain yangemva kwempi. Le ndaba yokugcina, enikeza incwadi igama layo, Kukhombisa umzabalazo onzima womndeni wokufihla ubaba waseRepublican oshushiswayo.

Izilinganiso ze- Ubhekilanga Ongaboni

“Ngisaphila kodwa ngesikhathi uthola le ncwadi ngizobe sengidutshuliwe. Ngizamile ukusangana, kodwa angiphumelelanga. Ngiyala ukuqhubeka ngiphila nalo lonke lolu sizi. Ngiye ngathola ukuthi ulimi engangiphupha ngalo ngisungula umhlaba onomusa, empeleni, ulimi lwabafileyo. Ngikhumbule njalo futhi uzame ukujabula. "Ngiyakuthanda, umfowenu Juan."
“Ngazi ukubhala nokuxoxa izindaba kuphela. Akekho owangifundisa ukukhuluma lapho ngingedwa noma ukuvikela ukuphila ekufeni. Ngibhala ngoba angifuni ukukhumbula ukuthandaza noma ukuqalekisa.

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I-Jarama, nguRafael Sánchez Ferlosio (1956)

Ngamagama abanzi kakhulu, le noveli igxile kubantu abasha abayishumi nanye abavela eMadrid abazochitha iSonto elishisayo lasehlobo emaphandleni, phambi komfula onikeza le ncwadi igama layo. Abalingiswa behla bayogeza emanzini ayo futhi ngaleyo ndlela banciphise isithukuthezi esikhiqizwa idolobha kubo., kanye nezingxabano ezigcwele emigwaqweni nokwesaba kwabantu okukhulayo.

Ngesikhathi esifanayo, kungase kubonakale imihlaba emibili ephikisanayo, lapho isigaba sasemaphandleni kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi sibhekana khona. Kunezimo ezimbili ezimaphakathi: iPuente Viveros neVenta de Mauricio. Kulo mongo, izehlakalo zenzeka cishe amahora ayishumi nesithupha, ziphele ngenhlekelele.

Izilinganiso ze- I-Jarama

“Ukuziqhenya kuyinto okufanele ukwazi ukuba nayo. Uma unokuncane, kubi; Ziyakwehlula zikwenze imbuzi yomhlatshelo. Uma kunalokho unokuningi, kubi kakhulu; ke uwena ozishayayo. Okufanele ube nakho kule mpilo ukuzola, ukuze ungabi yinhlekisa yanoma ubani noma uphule ikhanda ngenxa yokuzikhukhumeza kwakho.
“Sifundiswa ukuthi izinto ezithile zimbi yingakho sizizonda futhi sizinyanya; Kodwa futhi singafundiswa ngendlela ehlukile.

Amasosha aseSalami, ngu-Javier Cercas (2001)

Yinoveli exuba umlando, ubuntatheli kanye nezinganekwane ukuze uhlole inkumbulo yeMpi Yombango YaseSpain. Itulo lilandela intatheli, u-Javier Cercas, othole isiqephu esikhohliwe sodweshu: indaba ka-Rafael Sánchez Mazas, umbhali nomsunguli we-Falange, ophunyuke ekubulaweni ngenxa yozwelo oluyimfihlakalo lwesosha laseRiphabhulikhi.

Ngokuthakasela leli qiniso, Umxoxi uqala uphenyo olumholela ekusunguleni kabusha okwedlule kuka-Sánchez Mazas., ixoxisana nofakazi futhi icabangisise ngesimo sobuqhawe, ubugwala nokuphila. Kulolu hlelo, uhlangana noMiralles, isosha elidala laseRepublican elalidingisiwe, okungenzeka kube ngumuntu ongaziwa owasindisa impilo kaFalangist.

Izilinganiso ze- Amasosha aseSalami

“Ubuzwe buwumbono,” echaza, izwi lakhe liqina kancane, kwangathi ucasulwa ukucacisa lokho okusobala. Inhlekelele, ngokubona kwami. Ukuzimela kuyinto eyodwa kuphela engenzeka. Njengoba kuyinkolelo, nezinkolelo azixoxwa, ubuzwe abunakudingidwa; "Embuthweni wenkululeko, yebo."
“—Ungaceli intethelelo, nsizwa. Akenzanga lutho olubi. Ngaphandle kwalokho, kule minyaka yakhe kwakumele afunde ukuthi abantu besilisa abayiceli intethelelo: benza abakwenzayo bakusho abakushoyo, bese bebekezelela.

Umndeni kaPascual Duarte, nguCamilo José Cela (1942)

Kufakwe ohlwini lwamanoveli ayi-100 ahamba phambili eSpanishi ekhulu lama-XNUMX yiphephandaba. IzweLo msebenzi we-epistolary wawunomthwalo wemfanelo wokwethula uhlobo olwaziwa ngokuthi "tremendismo", oluhlanganisa ama-tropes amaningana, njengenoveli yezenhlalo yama-1930s, i-naturalism yekhulu le-19 kanye ne-picaresque, konke okungokwesiko lamaqiniso aseSpain.

U-Pascual Duarte uhamba emhlabeni wokunquma ogcwele amashwa: Ukuthotshiswa komphakathi, ubumpofu, ubuhlungu nokubola. Umlingiswa oyinhloko uyaqhubeka elandisa ngempilo yakhe kusukela kwejwayelekile kuye kokuthile, kuyilapho echaza ngokuningiliziwe indawo ezungezile nezimo ezimholele kulesi sikhathi samanje. Ngokufanayo, i-Kantian ideology ye-sublimity eyesabekayo iyabhekwa.

Izilinganiso ze- Umndeni wakwaPascual Duarte

“Ubulala ungacabangi, ngikufakazele kahle lokho; ngezinye izikhathi, ngokungenhloso. Uyazonda, uzonda kakhulu, unolaka, futhi uvula ummese wakho, futhi uwuvule kakhulu ufinyelela, ungafake zicathulo, embhedeni lapho isitha silala.
“Sonke abantu abafayo sinesikhumba esifanayo lapho sizalwa kodwa nokho, njengoba sikhula, ikusasa lijabulela ukusishintsha njengokungathi senziwe ngengcina futhi lisibekele ezindleleni ezihlukene eziya esiphethweni esifanayo: ukufa.”

I-peninsula yezindlu ezingenalutho, ngu-David Uclés (2024)

Lena inoveli ekhuluma ngeMpi Yombango YaseSpain ngendaba ehlanganisa ubuqiniso bomlingo namasiko endawo. Umsebenzi ugxile emndenini wakwa-Ardolento, izakhamuzi zaseJándula, idolobhana eliqanjiwe elimele iQuesada eJaén. Kuso sonke lesi sakhiwo, ukuwohloka kwengqikithi, ukucekelwa phansi kobuntu komphakathi wawo kanye nokuhlakazeka kwenhlonhlo egcwele izindlu ezingenalutho kuyabhekwa.

Ngokufanayo, Le ncwadi icubungula ngokujulile kubalingiswa abambalwa kakhulu: “Isosha elizilimazayo ukuze lidedele umlotha onqwabelene ngaphakathi kwalo, imbongi ethunga isithunzi sentombazane ngemva kokuqhunyiswa kwebhomu, uthisha ofundisa abafundi bakhe ukwenza sengathi bafile, ujenene olala eduze kwesandla esinqunyiwe. ongcwele, nomfana oyimpumputhe obuye abone ngesikhathi kumnyama."

Bahlanganiswe ngu: "Owesifazane ompofu openda zonke izihlahla engadini yakhe emnyama, umthwebuli wezithombe wangaphandle onyathela emayini eduze kwaseBrunete. futhi sihlale singanyakazi iminyaka engamashumi amane, isakhamuzi sase-Guernica esishayela e-Paris evenini enezinsalela ezibhemayo zokuhlasela komoya, kanye nenja elimele igazi layo elingcolisa umugqa wokugcina wefulegi elahliwe e-Badajoz.

Izilinganiso ze- I-peninsula yezindlu ezingenalutho

Ngakho, ngaphandle kokuchitha isikhathi, kwakuxoxwa ngokufa empini. Kwakuyisimo esasingafikela umuntu kalula kunendlala nokushesha kunokulala.
“Umuntu okholwayo ugqabula isiphambano. Umuntu ongakholelwa kuNkulunkulu uzigcoba ngamanzi angcwele. Umphathi uphakamisa isibhakela. Isisebenzi selula isandla saso. "Wonke umuntu uthunga izitho zezingane zakhe."

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