Indawo yonke yamahlaya eSpain Inomlando othokozisayo, ophawulwe ngocwaningo, ukumelana nobufakazi bokukhiqiza. Naphezu kobunzima bokubuyisela imvelaphi yayo, Ucwaningo olusha nokukhishwa kabusha kugqamisa isiko elisukela emuva ekhulwini le-19 futhi okunotha kwalo ngezinye izikhathi kuye kwasibekela imibhalo engemihle, ukucwaninga okubhaliwe, kanye nezigigaba zezombusazwe.
Hlola iziqalo zamahlaya e-Spanish Kudinga ukubhekana nesikhathi esingahlolisiswanga kangako ngenxa yobuthaka bemithombo: kusukela ngo-1857 kuya ekupheleni kwawo-XNUMX. Kungalesi sikhathi lapho umsebenzi wezibalo ezinjengoManuel Barrero, umongameli waseTebeosfera, uye wanquma. UBarrero uhole isifundo esinesifiso sokwakha kabusha ukuzalwa nokuhlanganiswa kwamahlaya ezweni lethu, ebhekene nokunyamalala kwamaqoqo, ukuntuleka kokufakwa kwedijithali, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwezincwadi phakathi nekhulu lama-XNUMX.
Uphenyo oluphikisana namanje: kusukela ekhulwini le-19 kuya esikhathini sangemva kwempi
La incwadi yokuqala ekhonjwe njengeyamahlaya Ihlehlela emuva ku-1857 ephephandabeni elanyatheliswa eHavana, lapho iCuba yayiseyindawo yaseSpain. Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuqhubeke, futhi ngokulandela isibonelo saseFrance, i-United Kingdom, kanye neJalimane, umshini wokunyathelisa we-Spanish odwetshiwe kanye ne-satirical waqala ukuhlola ama-comic strips emakhasini amaphephandaba emadolobheni afana ne-Madrid, i-Valencia, ne-Seville. Lezi kwakuyizindaba ezimfishane, ezivame ukuba nenganekwane ezazibonisa yonke into kusukela ezimeni zomphakathi kuya emasikweni endawo ahlekisayo angaleso sikhathi, futhi kancane kancane ayezoveza uhlobo lwawo.
Ekuqaleni, Ikhomikhi ibikhona namakhathuni nemibhalo kumamagazini ayingxubeKwaze kwaba sekhulwini lama-20 lapho izihloko ezinikezelwe ngokukhethekile kule fomethi zavela, njengokuthi "Pulgarcito" noma "TBO," eyakamuva yaba nomthelela kangangokuthi yagcina inikeze igama layo kuyo yonke imidiya. Kancane kancane le mboni yathola ukubonakala kwayo phakathi kokubhuqa kwezombusazwe, opopayi abalahlayo, nokuzijabulisa okuthandwayo.
Ukuhlanganiswa komagazini bamasonto onke ababhuqayo kukhuthaze izindlela ezintsha zokuxhumana eziyingcaca lapho ukugxekwa kwezenhlalo nezepolitiki kwaqala khona. Ukushicilelwa okufana ne-"La Traca" kwazuza udumo, nakuba eziningi zanyamalala noma zacekelwa phansi phakathi neMpi Yombango kanye nombuso wobushiqela, okwenza ukulondolozwa kwemibhalo kanye nokutadisha kwamanje kube nzima kakhulu.
Umthelela wobufakazi obuyingcaca kwinkumbulo ehlangene
I-comic yaseSpain yayingeyona nje kuphela isibuko somphakathi wesikhathi sawo, kodwa futhi ubufakazi obuqondile bezenzakalo ezibuhlungu. Omunye wemisebenzi esemqoka kulokhu "Paracuellos" nguCarlos Giménez, ebhekwa njengohamba phambili kulolu hlobo futhi muva nje ihlanganiswe enguqulweni ebanzi ehlonipha umsebenzi wakhe wengxenye yekhulu leminyaka.
Kunokuba akhulume ngamaqiniso angokomlando kuphela afana nokubulawa kwabantu okudumile kwempi yombango, i-"Paracuellos" ibheka impilo yansuku zonke yezingane ezithathwe izindlu zeSocial Aid ngaphansi kweFalange phakathi nenkathi yangemva kwempi, ilandisa ukuphathwa ngodlame kanye nemfundo ngaphansi kweNational Catholicism. Umsebenzi, osuselwe kokuhlangenwe nakho komuntu siqu ka-Giménez, ubonisa ukuthi amahlaya angasebenza kanjani njengenqola yenkumbulo nokubhikisha, akhiqize kabusha izigcawu zokujeziswa, ukuncishwa, nengcindezelo esimeni esimakwa ngokuswela nokwesaba.
Isitayela sesithombe sika-Giménez, nge izingane ezinokubukeka okukhathele kanye nezici ezingaqondakali, ishiye uphawu ezizukulwaneni zabafundi nabadali. I-"Paracuellos" yayiyingqalabutho ekukhulumeni nenkumbulo yomlando ngokusebenzisa amahlaya, ngesikhathi lapho imboni kazwelonke yokushicilela yayimanqikanqika ukubhekana nalezi zihloko. Yaqala ukuqashelwa phesheya, ikakhulukazi e-France, ngaphambi kokuqashelwa eSpain njengophawu lwamazwe ngamazwe.
I-Censorship, imboni kanye nokwakhiwa kolimi lwayo
Ukuthuthukiswa kwamahlaya eSpain kwakunesimo esingenakugwenywa yi- imingcele yezombangazwe nezenhlaloUkucwaninga, ikakhulukazi okunokhahlo ngesikhathi sangemva kwempi naphakathi nokubusa kuka-Franco, kwalolongwa izingqikithi nethoni yamahlaya, kukhawulela inkululeko yokudala futhi ngokuvamile kuqondise okuqukethwe ezinganeni noma ukugwema izihloko ezibucayi, ezifana nezocansi noma ukugxekwa okuqondile kwezepolitiki.
Ngaphandle kokuqukethwe, Imboni yathola isizinda sayo sangempela e-BarcelonaIzikhungo eziyinhloko zokunyathelisa zasungulwa lapho, futhi ingxenye enkulu yokukhiqiza nokusabalalisa kwakugxiliswe lapho, nakuba ezinye izindawo, njengeMadrid, iValencia, neBilbao nazo zazibalulekile. Phakathi neMpi Yombango, ukuntuleka kwezinsiza nezinto zokwakha kwavumela izincwadi ezimbalwa kuphela ukuba ziphile, ngokuvamile ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela ezinhlanganweni ezithile zezombangazwe.
Ukushintsha kwezenhlalo yangemva kwempi kwenze kancane kancane ukwanda kokufunda, okwathi kuze kube yileso sikhathi kwakulinganiselwe kakhulu ukungafundi kanye nokwazisa okuphansi kwesiko kwamahlaya. Kungeminyaka yawo-1950 kanye nawo-1960 kuphela lapho ukwazi ukufunda nokubhala kanye nokufinyelela esikweni elidumile kwavumela ubuciko besishiyagalolunye ukuthi bube nokukhula okuqhubekayo kanye nokuhlukahluka kwababukeli babo.
Ifa kanye nokuqagela kwamahlaya aseSpain
Ababhali abafana no-Escobar noma u-Francisco Ibáñez, abadali bezinhlamvu eziyisithonjana ezifana ne-"Zipi ne-Zape" noma i-"Mortadelo kanye ne-Filemón", baba nesandla ekwakheni ulimi lwakhe nolubonakalayo kulo lonke elaseYurophu, ihlanganisa amathonya angaphandle kodwa njalo iwajwayelanisa nemibono yendawo. Ukuthuthuka kwenoveli eyingcaca kanye ne-autobiographical comic emashumini eminyaka amuva nje kuhlanganise ikhathuni njengethuluzi lenkumbulo ehlangene nokuqwashisa ngokujulile.
Ukutholwa nokusatshalaliswa kwesikhathi esidlule, njengoba kuboniswe ucwaningo lwakamuva nokuphrinta kabusha, akusivumeli nje kuphela ukuthi siqonde umthelela wezenhlalo namasiko wamahlaya, kodwa futhi kuqinisekisa indima yawo njengesithenjwa sobuciko nedokhumentari. Imisebenzi efana ne- "Paracuellos" ibonise ukuthi amahlaya angaba ngaphezu kokuzijabulisa kwe-ephemeral: imoto yobufakazi, ukucabangisisa kanye nenkumbulo yomlando wezizukulwane ezintsha.
