La indaba ngokwesiko ibibuswa ngamagama abantu besilisa, ishiya indima namagalelo abantu besifazane emthunzini. owesifazane ingxenye yesintuUkungabi khona kwabalingiswa besifazane ezenzakalweni ezinkulu zomlando akuhambisani nokuntula ukuhlobana noma isenzo, kodwa nesakhiwo sokulandisa okungokomlando, osekungamakhulu eminyaka, sinikeze ithuba lokubona nokuhlangenwe nakho kwamadoda, okwenza abesifazane bakhohlwe noma benze indima yesibili. Ukubuza lokhu kungabonakali sekuphenduke amandla ashukumisayo emisinga emisha yomlando. abathi ukulandisa kwabesifazane ekwakhiweni komphakathi kanye noguquko.
Ngokufika kobufazi bezemfundo kanye nemibono ebucayi eMlandweni, i ukuchema kwabesilisa emibhalweni yomlando nama-akhawunti. Ochwepheshe abanjengo-Inmaculada Blasco Herranz baye bahlaziya ukuthi umqondo wokuthi amadoda ahlala enkabeni yendaba wazalwa kanjani, ngokwengxenye, ngenxa yokuthi izenzakalo ezinkulu zaziholwa futhi zabhalwa yilabo ababephethe amandla ezombusazwe: amadoda. Lesi simo saqiniswa ngekhulu le-19 nelama-20, lapho umlando wezepolitiki wendabuko wabandlulula ngokuhlelekile okuhlangenwe nakho kwabesifazane namanye amaqembu ampofu.
El ukushintsha komphakathi Yaqalwa ngawo-60, ngemva kokukhula komlando wezenhlalo nezindlela eziya phansi, yavumela abanye abalingisi, kuhlanganise nabesifazane, ukuba babonakale ekulandiseni komlando. Ngakho, saqala ukuqonda nokwazisa ukwehluka kwezindima namagalelo eyahlala ithulisiwe amakhulu eminyaka.
I-historiography yabesifazane: ibheke endabeni entsha
La umlando omusha wabesifazane isebenza ngokungakhathali ukuhlenga abesifazane abangabonakali futhi ibuze izinkulumo ezivelele. Abacwaningi abanjengoBlasco bagqamisa ukuthi ukufinyelela okukhulu kwabesifazane emisebenzini yezemfundo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-60 kanye nawo-70 kuqinise kanjani ukwakhiwa kwekhorasi yobulili nezifundo zabesifazane. Lesi sisekelo, esisekelwa ukubambisana nezifundo ezifana nefilosofi, i-anthropology, kanye nesayensi yezokuhlalisana kwabantu, senze kwaba nokwenzeka ukuhlonza nokuhlaziya ukuthi kanjani ukuhlukaniswa kwezindima zomphakathi futhi umqondo wabesifazane abavaleleke emkhakheni wangasese kube ukwakhiwa, hhayi amaqiniso angenakuguquleka.
Kuyagcizelelwa ukuthi i abesifazane bebelokhu besebenza, nakuba ukufinyelela kwabo emisebenzini yangaphandle ekhokhelwayo kube kamuva kwamaqembu athile. Inganekwane yowesifazane "osanda kufika" emsebenzini iyahlakazwa, igqamisa ukubaluleka komsebenzi wasekhaya kanye nokuzala, ngokwesiko owenziwa ungabonakali ukulandisa kwabesilisa. Izifundo zakudala, njengalezo zika-Ángeles Durán, zibonisa inani elikhulu kwezomnotho nezenhlalo womsebenzi owenziwa ngabesifazane emkhakheni wasekhaya.
Ukuchema ngokomlando akuwona nje umphumela wokubusa kwabesilisa emandleni, kodwa futhi nokushiywa ngaphandle kwabesifazane ezikhaleni zokufunda nokubhala. UBlasco ucacisa ukuthi, nakuba abesifazane bebesakaza imibono nokubhala ngezindaba zomphakathi kusukela ekhulwini le-19, kwaba kuphela emashumini eminyaka okugcina ekhulu lama-20 lapho iminikelo yabo yaba nesisekelo nethonya langempela ekukhiqizweni kolwazi lomlando.
Ukuhlenga inkumbulo emithonjeni kanye nokuhlaziya okubucayi
para ukuthola izindaba zabesifazane ezifihliwe, ucwaningo lomlando lusekelwe emithonjeni eyinhloko: izinqolobane zomlando, amaphephandaba, izincwadi kanye nemibhalo yangasese. umbono wobulili kanye nokuhlaziya okubalulekile kubalulekile ukuze kutholwe ukuthula nokuchema phakathi kwemithombo. Esikhathini solwazi lwedijithali nobuhlakani bokwenziwa, ukufunda ukuhlunga, ukuqhathanisa, nokuhumusha idatha kudingekile kakhulu kunangaphambili ukuze kwakhiwe inguqulo yesikhathi esidlule enobulungisa nephelele.
Ohlelweni lwezemfundo, ubuholi besifazane buyaqhubeka bubonakala bukhethekile: izindlovukazi, amaciko, noma ososayensi abasafufusa. Ingozi yalo mbono, ochwepheshe baxwayisa, ikhawulela umqondo wethonya labesifazane ezimweni ezithile neziphawulekayo. Uma sinweba umbono wethu ngomsebenzi wezenhlalo, okhiqizayo, nowokunakekela ogcine imiphakathi, Ubukhona kanye nomthelela wabesifazane kuyanda.
Ukumelana nalokhu kubuyekezwa nokwandiswa kokulandisa kusekhona, kokubili phakathi kosomlando bezizukulwane ezidlule naphakathi kwezizukulwane ezincane. Ngakho-ke, ukufundisa komlando obalulekile—okukwazi ukubona ukuchema, ukuhlaziya imithombo, nokugwema ukukhohlisa—kuba insika eyisisekelo esakhamuzi esinolwazi nesihlukahlukene.
Abantu besifazane abayizibonelo zokulingisa: ukuphula isikhunta nokuvula indlela
El ifa labantu abavelele Ikhombisa imikhakha eyahlukene abesifazane abashiye kuyo uphawu. Kwezesayensi, udaba lukaMarie Curie lwaphawula inguquko ekufinyeleleni kwabesifazane kuMklomelo KaNobel nokuqashelwa emhlabeni wonke. Abanye, abafana noClara Zetkin noClara Campoamor, balwela amalungelo omphakathi, amalungelo abantu, nokulingana ngokobulili, kuyilapho abaculi abafana noFrida Kahlo besebenzisa ubuciko njengendlela yokugxeka nokuziphendulela lapho bebhekene nezinkolelo-ze.
Phakathi kwabesifazane abacabangayo nezishoshovu, USimone de Beauvoir yaba nethonya elinamandla ubufazi besimanje, futhi Ruth Bader Ginsburg y Gloria Steinem ivule indlela emkhakheni wezomthetho kanye nabezindaba. Muva nje, iMelika I-Tarana Burke, umsunguli wenhlangano ye-#MeToo, ube nesandla ekwenzeni udlame lobulili nokucwasa ngokwebala kubonakale, kuyilapho abaphathi abanjengo U-Ana Patricia Botín bonisa ukuthi uphahla lwengilazi zisengahlukaniswa zibe izinkampani ezinkulu.
Abahlanganyeli namavulandlela olwazini: icala le-analytical psychology
Futhi ngeke sikhohlwe iqhaza lika U-Emma Jung, uSabina Spielrein no-Toni Wolff emlandweni we-analytical psychology. Izifundo ezintsha kanye nokushicilelwe kwakamuva kuye kwagqamisa iminikelo yabo njengezihlakaniphi ezizimele, abahlanganyeli, kanye namathiyori abalulekile ekuthuthukisweni komcabango ka-Carl Jung, osibalo sakhe sasibekela ukubaluleka kwalaba besifazane amashumi eminyaka. Ukubuyekezwa kwemilando yabo nemisebenzi kusimema ukuthi sicabange kabusha ubunikazi beqoqo kanye nokunotha kokwakhiwa kolwazi lapho ubuningi bamazwi buqashelwa.
Abesifazane phambi kwenkolo namandla
La ithonya lobuKatolika Umthelela embonweni nasendima yabesifazane e-Spain uphawule nomlando wenhlalo nepolitiki. Ukugqugquzelwa kwabesifazane emkhakheni wezenkolo, ikakhulukazi kusukela eSigabeni Sabesifazane ngesikhathi sombuso kaFranco kanye nasekuvikeleni izindinganiso zendabuko, kuveza izinga inkolo esebenze ngayo njengamandla aqhuba ukuhlukaniswa noma ukukhululwa kuye ngesimo somlando. Inkulumo yokuphelelisana kanye nokwenza inkolo ibe ngabesifazane isetshenziselwe ukuqaphela izici ezithile ezinhle zabesifazane, kodwa futhi nokugcina ukukhishwa kwabo ezikhundleni ezithile zamandla, njengobupristi.
Ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe, i I-UN igqamisa ukungabonakali kwabesifazane abayinzalo yase-Afro abaye basekela imiphakathi naphezu kobugqila nokucwasa. Kuze kube namuhla, basabhekene nokucwaswa, udlame, kanye nokungabandakanywa ekutholeni amalungelo nokumelwa. Ngokwengqikithi yoSuku Lwamazwe Ngamazwe Lwabesifazane Namantombazane Ozalo Lwase-Afrika, iNhlangano Yezizwe Ezihlangene icela Amazwe ukuthi asebenzise izinqubomgomo ezisebenzayo futhi akhuthaze ukuhlanganyela okusebenzayo kwalaba besifazane ekuthathweni kwezinqumo zezenhlalo nezombusazwe.
Ngokuhlola okwedlule ngombono ohlanganisayo, umlando wabesifazane wembula okungaphezu kwamagama angawodwa. Sithola amanethiwekhi, ukusebenzisana, imizabalazo, kanye nokumelana okumise ukuthuthuka komphakathi ngaso sonke isikhathi. Ukuziqaphela nokufunda kubalulekile ukuze uqonde ubunkimbinkimbi, ukunotha, kanye nokwehlukahlukana kohambo lomuntu.